{"id":4685,"date":"2022-05-13T09:43:34","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T07:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=4685"},"modified":"2023-07-09T12:23:10","modified_gmt":"2023-07-09T10:23:10","slug":"kaksne-so-prednosti-in-slabosti-varcevalne-obdelave-tal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/sl\/blog\/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-conservation-tillage\/","title":{"rendered":"Kak\u0161ne so prednosti in slabosti var\u010devalne obdelave tal?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Konzervacijsko obdelovanje tal je postopek, pri katerem se tla pred sajenjem ne obdelujejo ali orjejo. Namesto tega kmetje uporabljajo ostanke pridelkov ali pokrovne posevke, da tla dr\u017eijo na mestu in jih med sajenjem ne erodirajo. Kmetje med tem postopkom \u0161e vedno uporabljajo herbicide in pesticide, vendar jih ne uporabljajo toliko, ker je manj odtekanja teh kemikalij v bli\u017enje potoke in reke.<\/p>\n

Nana\u0161a se tudi na niz praks, pri katerih po sajenju ostane vsaj 30 odstotkov zemlji\u0161\u010d pokritih z ostanki pridelkov. Namen teh praks je zmanj\u0161ati onesna\u017eenost tal. erozija<\/a>, odtok in s tem povezane te\u017eave z onesna\u017eenjem vode.<\/p>\n

Obdelava tal je mehansko motenje tal, ki se obi\u010dajno izvaja s plugom ali diskom. Kmetje pogosto uporabljajo obdelovanje tal za pripravo polj za setev, vendar lahko to tudi zmanj\u0161a pridelek in pove\u010da odtekanje pesticidov.<\/p>\n

Kaj so metode var\u010devalne obdelave tal?<\/h2>\n

Konzervacijsko obdelovanje tal vklju\u010duje brezoljno obdelovanje, trakovna obdelava tal<\/a>, obdelava grebenov in obdelava z mul\u010denjem.<\/p>\n

1. Brez oranja<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pri brezoran\u017eni metodi se semena sejejo neposredno v zemljo, ne da bi jih predhodno motili. To pomeni, da morajo kmetje sejati na polja z obstoje\u010dimi ostanki polj\u0161\u010din od prej\u0161nje \u017eetve.
\nKmetovanje brez oranja sploh ne zahteva obdelave zemlje.<\/p>\n

Kmet uporablja posebno opremo za setev semen neposredno v zemljo, ne da bi jo predhodno motil. Ta sistem kmetom pomaga prihraniti \u010das in denar, saj jim ni treba vsako leto uporabljati goriva ali drugih virov za pripravo polj na setev.<\/p>\n

2. Strip-till<\/strong><\/p>\n

Strip-till pomeni oranje le dela polja za setev, preostanek pa ostane nedotaknjen. To na polju pusti veliko ostankov pridelkov, da se prepre\u010di odtekanje, hkrati pa kmetom omogo\u010da, da pripravijo tla za setev z manj opreme, kot jo zahtevajo metode brez oranja.<\/p>\n

Tra\u010dna obdelava je u\u010dinkovitej\u0161a od ne-oranja na te\u017ejih tleh, kot so tista z glineno ali meljasto ilovicasto teksturo. Tra\u010dna obdelava zrahlja in ogreje zemljo pred sajenjem, kar spodbuja zgodnej\u0161o rast in bolj\u0161i pridelek pri mnogih polj\u0161\u010dinah.<\/p>\n

Tra\u010dno oranje pomaga tudi pri zatiranju plevela, saj med obdelavo tal zakoplje semena plevela vsaj 5 cm globoko. \u010ceprav je to lahko prednost, je lahko tudi slabost, saj je treba gnojilo dodajati v pasu, poravnanem z vrsto sajenja.<\/p>\n

3. Obdelava grebenov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pri obrezovanju zemlje v ozkih vrstah se uporablja poseben stroj, ki re\u017ee zemljo v ozkih vrstah in ustvarja grebene vzdol\u017e polja, kjer se posejejo semena. Pridelki v vrsticah se sadijo v grebene, ki jih je oblikovala lanskoletna letina; zemlja se obdeluje samo med vrstami.<\/p>\n

4. Mul\u010denje<\/strong><\/p>\n

To je \u0161e ena tehnika var\u010devalne obdelave tal, pri kateri je pribli\u017eno tretjina ali polovica povr\u0161ine tal prekrita z ostanki pridelkov. Zastirka je znana tudi kot upravljanje z ostanki.<\/p>\n

NRCS trdi, da tehnika zastirkovanja uravnava koli\u010dino, usmerjenost in porazdelitev ostankov polj\u0161\u010din in drugih rastlin na povr\u0161ini tal skozi vse leto, hkrati pa omejuje dejavnosti, ki motijo tla in se uporabljajo za gojenje in \u017eetev polj\u0161\u010din v sistemih, kjer se povr\u0161ina polja pred sajenjem obdeluje.<\/p>\n

Tehnika mul\u010denja ima \u0161tevilne prednosti. Zmanj\u0161uje erozijo tal, zmanj\u0161uje emisije fosilnih goriv, pove\u010duje koli\u010dino organske snovi v tleh in var\u010duje z vodo z zmanj\u0161evanjem izhlapevanja na povr\u0161ini tal.<\/p>\n

Kako var\u010devalne metode obdelave tal v kmetijstvu koristijo tlom?<\/h2>\n

Tukaj je nekaj na\u010dinov, kako var\u010devalne metode obdelave tal koristijo tlom:<\/p>\n

1. Zmanj\u0161ana erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Najpomembnej\u0161a prednost varovalne obdelave tal je, da \u0161\u010diti tla pred erozijo, saj jih skozi vse leto prekriva z rastlinskimi ostanki. To posledi\u010dno zmanj\u0161a odtekanje in prepre\u010di vdor kemikalij in usedlin v na\u0161e vodne poti.<\/p>\n

2. Izbolj\u0161ano zdravje tal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Drug na\u010din, kako konzervacijske metode obdelave tal koristijo tlom, je izbolj\u0161anje zdravja tal. To je zato, ker sistemi konzervacijske obdelave tal omogo\u010dajo manj\u0161o zbitost, kar omogo\u010da ve\u010djo infiltracijo vode, ve\u010djo mikrobno aktivnost, bolj\u0161e kro\u017eenje hranil in ve\u010djo aktivnost de\u017eevnikov.<\/p>\n

Prav tako se lahko koli\u010dina organske snovi v tleh pove\u010da zaradi ostankov pridelkov, ki ostanejo na povr\u0161ini tal po \u017eetvi. Pokrov z ostanki ohladi povr\u0161ino tal in zmanj\u0161a izhlapevanje iz zgornjih nekaj centimetrov tal. To lahko znatno zmanj\u0161a porabo vode na polju v su\u0161nih obdobjih.<\/p>\n

3. Izbolj\u0161ana var\u010dnost vode<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konzervacijska obdelava tal pomaga tudi ohranjati ali izbolj\u0161evati raven organske snovi v tleh. Ohranjanje visoke ravni organske snovi spodbuja dobro strukturo tal in izbolj\u0161uje sposobnost tal za shranjevanje vode in hranil.<\/p>\n

Tla organska snov<\/a> zagotavlja tudi vir hrane za milijarde mikroorganizmov, ki \u017eivijo v vsaki pe\u0161\u010dici zemlje. Ko se vlaga zadr\u017ei v zgornji plasti zemlje, ostanki, ki ostanejo po \u017eetvi, pomagajo ohranjati vlago v zgornji plasti zemlje skozi celotno rastno sezono.<\/p>\n

To lahko pomaga v su\u0161nih razmerah, zlasti v su\u0161nem letu, in tudi pri zatiranju plevela v prihodnjih pridelkih.<\/p>\n

4. Izbolj\u0161ana kakovost zraka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konzervacijsko obdelovanje tal zmanj\u0161uje tudi onesna\u017eenost zraka z zmanj\u0161evanjem prahu z obdelanih polj. Prah vsebuje pesticide, hranila v gnojilih, kot sta du\u0161ik in fosfor, ki lahko pridejo v vodne poti, svinec iz avtomobilskih izpuhov in druge \u0161kodljive delce, ki jih ljudje vdihavajo.<\/p>\n

Ko kmetje preidejo na var\u010devalne prakse obdelave tal, pomagajo prepre\u010diti vdor teh onesna\u017eeval v zrak, ki ga dihamo.<\/p>\n

5. Izbolj\u0161an habitat prosto\u017eive\u010dih \u017eivali<\/strong><\/p>\n

Praktike varstvene obdelave tal izbolj\u0161ujejo tudi habitate prosto\u017eive\u010dih \u017eivali, saj zagotavljajo zavetje za male \u017eivali.<\/p>\n

Slabosti metod var\u010devalne obdelave tal<\/h2>\n

Tukaj je nekaj slabosti razli\u010dnih metod var\u010devalne obdelave tal:<\/p>\n

Brez oranja<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Prihaja z edinstvenimi stro\u0161ki opreme.<\/li>\n
  • To izpostavlja va\u0161o kmetijo glivi\u010dnim boleznim.<\/li>\n
  • Zahteva veliko koli\u010dino herbicidov.<\/li>\n
  • Preden boste lahko izkoristili prednosti kmetovanja brez oranja, boste potrebovali veliko potrpljenja.<\/li>\n
  • Brezobrtno kmetovanje ni primerno za nekatere vrste tal. Na primer za tla s te\u017eko glino.<\/li>\n
  • \u010ce \u017ee uporabljate to metodo kmetovanja, lahko polja uporabite za druge namene.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Strip-till<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Oprema za trakasto obdelavo tal je v\u010dasih dra\u017eja od tradicionalne opreme za obdelavo tal. Tra\u010dna obdelava tal zahteva nalo\u017ebo v stroj za trakasto obdelavo tal in morda tudi drugo opremo. Oprema se obi\u010dajno kupi nova, nakupna cena pa lahko prese\u017ee stro\u0161ke tradicionalne opreme za obdelavo tal.
      \nKer je trakovna obdelava tal relativno nova tehnologija, morajo upravljavci opraviti usposabljanje za pravilno uporabo svoje nove opreme. Upravljavci se morajo nau\u010diti, kako prilagoditi svojo opremo terenskim razmeram. To lahko zahteva \u0161tevilne vo\u017enje \u010dez polje, da se nastavitve prilagodijo spreminjajo\u010dim se razmeram.<\/li>\n
    • Tra\u010dna obdelava tal lahko v vetrovnih obdobjih povzro\u010di odlaganje zemlje, ki jo je zaneslo vetrom, na ostanke pridelkov v trakovih. To lahko povzro\u010di, da se nekateri ostanki pridelkov v trakovih odstranijo med pripravo setvene gredice za setev, kar zmanj\u0161a u\u010dinkovitost trakovne obdelave tal za ravnanje z ostanki in plevelom.<\/li>\n
    • Stroji za trakovno oranje niso zelo natan\u010dni pri delu na hribovitih obmo\u010djih in gosto gozdnatih legah. Stroj morda nima potrebne natan\u010dnosti na teh obmo\u010djih med sajenjem semen ali gnojenjem tal.<\/li>\n
    • Pri strip-tillu je potrebna posebna previdnost pri shranjevanju in uporabi gnojil. To je zato, ker strip-till uporablja teko\u010da gnojila, kemi\u010dna sestava pa se lahko shranjuje le pribli\u017eno \u0161est mesecev, preden se za\u010dne kvariti. Gnojila je treba uporabljati pravilno, sicer lahko povzro\u010dijo onesna\u017eenje vodnih virov, kot so jezera, reke ali potoki, \u010de se preve\u010d gnojila raztrese po poljih ali \u010de je koncentracija gnojila v tleh previsoka.<\/li>\n
    • Tra\u010dna obdelava ni priporo\u010dljiva na mo\u010dno erodiranih tleh, razen \u010de se med tr\u017enimi kulturami, posajenimi v trakovih, uporabljajo pokrovni posevki.<\/li>\n
    • Tra\u010dno oranje tudi ne deluje dobro na poljih brez oranja, kjer je pokrov z ostanki redek ali kjer se pod povr\u0161ino tal vbrizgava brezvodni plin. To pomeni, da ko enkrat za\u010dnete s trakovnim oranjem, se ne boste mogli vrniti na brezoranje, ne da bi pri tem razdrobili povr\u0161ino tal z oranjem.Grebenasta obdelava<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • Ni primeren za gojenje polj\u0161\u010din, ki jih je treba saditi v vrstah, kot je sladkorna pesa.<\/li>\n
      • Najve\u010dja pomanjkljivost grebenskega oranja je, da je opremo za obdelavo te\u017eko najti in drago. Stroji, ki se uporabljajo za grebensko oranje, so obi\u010dajno starej\u0161i in jih pri lokalnih prodajalcih morda ni mogo\u010de dobiti.<\/li>\n
      • Druga pomanjkljivost je, da grebeni v\u010dasih ovirajo drena\u017eo in povzro\u010dajo te\u017eave z erozijo na pobo\u010djih.<\/li>\n
      • Obdelava tal na grebenih vodi do premo\u010denosti tal. To je zato, ker de\u017eevnica ne more odtekati z grebenov v brazde.<\/li>\n
      • Grebenasta obdelava ni primerna za vsa tla in ne deluje dobro na te\u017ekih glinastih ali s kamenjem prekritih tleh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Mul\u010denje<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Pove\u010dano tveganje erozije.<\/li>\n
        • Precej \u010dasa, porabljenega za pripravo polj<\/li>\n
        • Te\u017eave pri obdelavi zemlje.<\/li>\n
        • Kmetje, ki uporabljajo mul\u010d, morajo vedeti tudi, kako pravilno uporabljati traktor za mul\u010d.<\/li>\n
        • Druga pomanjkljivost zastirke je, da omejuje koli\u010dino zemlje, ki jo lahko vsako sezono uporabite za pridelke. To je zato, ker ne morete saditi na obmo\u010dju, kjer so rastlinski ostanki prej\u0161njega leta. Poleg tega so nekatere polj\u0161\u010dine bolj primerne za zastirko kot druge. Na primer, soja bolje uspeva na poljih z zastirko kot koruza in bomba\u017e. Zato ta tehnika morda ni primerna za vse kmete.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Konzervacijska obdelava tal je kmetijska metoda, ki na poljih pu\u0161\u010da ostanke pridelkov, da zmanj\u0161a erozijo tal in izbolj\u0161a zdravje tal, zadr\u017eevanje vode in rodovitnost.<\/p>\n

          \n

          Pogosta vpra\u0161anja<\/h2>\n
          \n

          1. Katera od na\u0161tetih prednosti ni pri kmetovanju z zmanj\u0161ano obdelavo tal?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Ena od prednosti, ki obi\u010dajno ni povezana z reducirano obdelavo tal, je pove\u010dan nadzor nad plevelom. \u010ceprav lahko metode reducirane obdelave tal pomagajo zmanj\u0161ati erozijo tal, izbolj\u0161ati zadr\u017eevanje vode in izbolj\u0161ati zdravje tal, morda ne zagotavljajo enake ravni zatiranja plevela kot konvencionalne prakse obdelave tal.<\/p>\n

          Vendar pa se lahko poleg zmanj\u0161ane obdelave tal \u0161e vedno izvajajo tudi druge strategije zatiranja plevela, kot sta kolobarjenje ali pokrovni pridelki, da se u\u010dinkovito odpravijo te\u017eave s plevelom.<\/p>\n

          2. Ali je obdelovanje zemlje slabo za zemljo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Obdelava tal ima lahko tako pozitivne kot negativne vplive na zdravje tal. \u010ceprav obdelava tal kratkoro\u010dno pomaga razbiti zbito zemljo in zatirati plevel, lahko s\u010dasoma povzro\u010di tudi erozijo tal, izgubo organske snovi in motnje v strukturi tal.<\/p>\n

          Prekomerna ali nepravilna obdelava tal lahko povzro\u010di zmanj\u0161ano rodovitnost tal in pove\u010dano dovzetnost za erozijo. Zato je pomembno uravnote\u017eiti koristi obdelave tal z morebitnimi dolgoro\u010dnimi negativnimi u\u010dinki na zdravje tal.<\/p>\n

          3. Kak\u0161ne so prednosti priprave setvene gredice?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Priprava setvene gredice ponuja ve\u010d prednosti v kmetijski praksi. Prvi\u010d, ustvarja ugodno okolje za kalitev in ukoreninjenje semen, kar zagotavlja vi\u0161ji pridelek. Drugi\u010d, pomaga pri zatiranju plevela, saj moti njegovo rast in olaj\u0161a zatiranje.<\/p>\n

          Poleg tega priprava setvene gredice spodbuja bolj\u0161o absorpcijo hranil in vode z rahljanjem zemlje, spodbuja razvoj korenin in izbolj\u0161uje splo\u0161no rast rastlin.<\/p>\n

          Nenazadnje omogo\u010da u\u010dinkovitej\u0161e zatiranje \u0161kodljivcev in bolezni s praksami, kot sta sterilizacija tal ali vklju\u010devanje organskih snovi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Konzervacijsko obdelovanje tal je postopek, pri katerem se tla pred sajenjem ne obdelujejo ali orjejo. Namesto tega kmetje uporabljajo ostanke pridelkov ali pokrivajo ...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":4811,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1380],"tags":[1632],"class_list":["post-4685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","tag-conservation-tillage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is conservation tillage farming? \u26cf<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Are you looking for ways to cut down the time and costs involved in tilling your farmland? 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