{"id":2406,"date":"2021-12-22T07:54:32","date_gmt":"2021-12-22T06:54:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=2406"},"modified":"2023-08-11T17:24:44","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T15:24:44","slug":"vyhody-a-nevyhody-monokultury-v-polnohospodarstve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/sk\/blog\/monoculture-in-agriculture-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","title":{"rendered":"Monokult\u00fara v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve: v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody"},"content":{"rendered":"

V dne\u0161nej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej komunite prebieha ve\u013ea diskusi\u00ed o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch a nev\u00fdhod\u00e1ch monokult\u00farnych po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych syst\u00e9mov. Zameriava sa najm\u00e4 na to, ako prispievaj\u00fa k zhor\u0161ovaniu \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia a zmene kl\u00edmy, ale aj na to, ak\u00fa \u00falohu zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa pri zabezpe\u010dovan\u00ed potrav\u00edn pre rast\u00facu svetov\u00fa popul\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e1 by do roku 2050 mala dosiahnu\u0165 10 mili\u00e1rd.<\/p>\n

Po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo sa nach\u00e1dza v bode, kedy je pod tlakom sta\u0165 sa udr\u017eate\u013enej\u0161\u00edm, zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00face l\u00e1tky a stara\u0165 sa o p\u00f4dne syst\u00e9my a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 svoju produkciu, aby mohlo z\u00e1sobova\u0165 r\u00fdchlo rast\u00face mestsk\u00e9 oblasti ve\u013ek\u00fdmi objemami potrav\u00edn. Ako to teda s\u00favis\u00ed s monokult\u00farami? Pozrime sa, \u010do tento pojem znamen\u00e1 a ak\u00fa \u00falohu zohr\u00e1va v meniacom sa potravinovom syst\u00e9me.<\/p>\n

\u010co je to monokult\u00fara?<\/h2>\n

Monokult\u00fary s\u00fa po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske syst\u00e9my, v ktor\u00fdch sa na poli v ur\u010ditom \u010dase, zvy\u010dajne po\u010das celej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej sez\u00f3ny, pestuje iba jeden druh plodiny. Monokult\u00fary dominuj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine produkcie potrav\u00edn odkedy rozsiahla mechaniz\u00e1cia po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva v priebehu 20. storo\u010dia zjednodu\u0161ila pestovanie jednej plodiny naraz.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea zisten\u00ed zo \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e1 analyzovala \u00fadaje FAO, p\u0161enica, kukurica, s\u00f3ja a ry\u017ea pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa o nie\u010do menej ako 501 TP3T glob\u00e1lnej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy a takmer v\u017edy sa pestuj\u00fa ako monokult\u00fary. Alternat\u00edvou s\u00fa polykult\u00fary, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa syst\u00e9my, v ktor\u00fdch sa na jednom poli pestuj\u00fa dve alebo viac plod\u00edn s\u00fa\u010dasne a predstavuj\u00fa tradi\u010dnej\u0161iu met\u00f3du obhospodarovania p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n

Majte na pam\u00e4ti, \u017ee hoci monokult\u00fary pestuj\u00fa naraz iba jednu plodinu, m\u00f4\u017eu strieda\u0165 plodiny zasaden\u00e9 na poli z roka na rok a st\u00e1le sa naz\u00fdva\u0165 monokult\u00farou. Monokult\u00fara je term\u00edn pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na rozl\u00ed\u0161enie prev\u00e1dzok, ktor\u00e9 nepretr\u017eite pestuj\u00fa monokult\u00fary toho ist\u00e9ho rastlinn\u00e9ho druhu ka\u017ed\u00fd rok na tom istom mieste bez striedania.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdhody monokult\u00far<\/h2>\n

Monokult\u00fary sa vyvinuli z industrializovan\u00e9ho potravinov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd sa sna\u017eil uspokoji\u0165 potreby a po\u017eiadavky globalizuj\u00facej sa popul\u00e1cie a poskytol n\u00e1m r\u00e1mec pre pr\u00edstup k mnoh\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm potravin\u00e1m dnes. Medzi v\u00fdhody, ktor\u00e9 tento syst\u00e9m hospod\u00e1renia s p\u00f4dou priniesol, patria:<\/p>\n

\"V\u00fdhody<\/p>\n

Jednoduchos\u0165 spr\u00e1vy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pestovanie jednej plodiny naraz zjednodu\u0161uje obchodn\u00fd model pre mnoh\u00fdch mana\u017e\u00e9rov fariem a agropodniky. Jednotnos\u0165 po\u013ea osiateho jedn\u00fdm druhom znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161etka pr\u00edprava, vstupy, \u00fadr\u017eba plod\u00edn a zber s\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 na ve\u013ekej ploche a je potrebn\u00e9 menej zoh\u013eadni\u0165 potreby r\u00f4znych druhov.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary v podstate ve\u013emi u\u013eah\u010duj\u00fa po\u013enohospod\u00e1rom hospod\u00e1renie, preto\u017ee do zna\u010dnej miery odstra\u0148uj\u00fa rozmanitos\u0165, a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom odstra\u0148uj\u00fa potrebu riadi\u0165 zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 v\u00e4zby, ktor\u00e9 s \u0148ou s\u00favisia.<\/p>\n

Maximaliz\u00e1cia v\u00fdnosov obilia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary, ktor\u00e9 praktizuj\u00fa striedanie plod\u00edn zo sez\u00f3ny na sez\u00f3nu, dok\u00e1\u017eu maximalizova\u0165 v\u00fdnosy ur\u010dit\u00fdch plod\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 by mali ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdnos, ak by sa pestovali v medziplodinovom syst\u00e9me s in\u00fdmi rastlinami in\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea Washingtonskej \u0161t\u00e1tnej univerzity to \u00fadajne plat\u00ed pre obilniny ako p\u0161enica, ovos a repka olejn\u00e1.5 Plat\u00ed to najm\u00e4 pre pr\u00e9rijn\u00e9 oblasti, kde podnebie uprednost\u0148uje produkciu t\u00fdchto druhov plod\u00edn pred in\u00fdmi, tak\u017ee na ve\u013ek\u00fa produkciu je potrebn\u00e1 minim\u00e1lna pr\u00e1ca a vstupy. v\u00fdnos plodiny<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary, ktor\u00e9 praktizuj\u00fa monoplodiny, v\u0161ak zvy\u010dajne vykazuj\u00fa pokles v\u00fdnosov v priebehu \u010dasu v d\u00f4sledku degrad\u00e1cie p\u00f4dy a er\u00f3zie, \u010do prispieva k celkovej ni\u017e\u0161ej \u00farodnosti p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n

Vy\u0161\u0161ie pr\u00edjmy zo \u0161pecializovanej v\u00fdroby<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160pecializ\u00e1cia je na kapitalistickom trhu k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 a monokult\u00fary s\u00fa svojou povahou hyper\u0161pecializovan\u00e9 a \u010dasto sa jedna farma zameriava v\u00fdlu\u010dne na produkciu svojich plod\u00edn pestovan\u00fdch v monokult\u00farach.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1kup vybavenia, semien a v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch vstupov ur\u010den\u00fdch pre jeden druh je mo\u017en\u00e9 uskuto\u010dni\u0165 vo ve\u013ekom, \u010do je zvy\u010dajne spojen\u00e9 s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi cenami.<\/p>\n

Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri a odborn\u00edci tie\u017e z\u00edskavaj\u00fa vysoko \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 znalosti o svojej konkr\u00e9tnej plodine, v\u010faka \u010domu s\u00fa lep\u0161ie vybaven\u00ed na rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov, ako s\u00fa \u0161kodcovia alebo choroby, preto\u017ee pracuj\u00fa v \u0161pecifickej oblasti, ktor\u00e1 si nevy\u017eaduje \u0161ir\u0161ie znalosti o mnoh\u00fdch druhoch.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary vznikli, preto\u017ee sa predpokladalo, \u017ee minimalizuj\u00fa n\u00e1klady, zefekt\u00edv\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdrobu a maximalizuj\u00fa zisky, najm\u00e4 po po\u010diato\u010dnom investi\u010dnom obdob\u00ed, a z ekonomick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska to pre mnoh\u00e9 prev\u00e1dzky st\u00e1le plat\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vysok\u00e1 citlivos\u0165 na technologick\u00e9 inov\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z rovnak\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov, pre\u010do sa monokult\u00fary jednoduch\u0161ie spravuj\u00fa, sa tie\u017e \u013eah\u0161ie integruj\u00fa so strojmi a \u010doraz pokro\u010dilej\u0161ou technol\u00f3giou: v hre je jednoducho menej premenn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Jeden druh plodiny, ktor\u00fd je vysaden\u00fd rovnomerne v rovnakom \u010dase, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pohnojen\u00fd a zozbieran\u00fd naraz mechanizovan\u00fdmi vozov\u00fdmi parkami, ktor\u00e9 sa postupne pohybuj\u00fa po ka\u017edom riadku, bez toho, aby bolo potrebn\u00e9 programova\u0165 ich tak, aby zoh\u013ead\u0148ovali in\u00e9 plodiny, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v r\u00f4znych \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1ch rastu alebo ma\u0165 odli\u0161n\u00e9 potreby \u017eiv\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Uniformita sa \u013eah\u0161ie riadi a navrhuje a r\u00fdchly rast monokult\u00far koncom 20. storo\u010dia i\u0161iel ruka v ruke s r\u00fdchlym technologick\u00fdm pokrokom v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve.<\/p>\n

Nev\u00fdhody monokult\u00far<\/h2>\n

K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody monokult\u00far sa pomaly odha\u013eovali v priebehu posledn\u00fdch nieko\u013ek\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed, ke\u010f\u017ee environment\u00e1lne povedomie a monitorovanie odr\u00e1\u017eali, do akej miery priemyseln\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo ovplyv\u0148uje miestne ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

\"Nev\u00fdhody<\/p>\n

Napriek kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdm v\u00fdhod\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 prin\u00e1\u0161a z ekonomick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, z dlhodob\u00e9ho a environment\u00e1lneho h\u013eadiska prispieva k:<\/p>\n

Odles\u0148ovanie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hoci v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina typov po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskeho rozvoja vy\u017eaduje odles\u0148ovanie, monokult\u00fary si konkr\u00e9tne vy\u017eaduj\u00fa, aby boli rozsiahle pozemky \u00faplne odlesnen\u00e9 a zbaven\u00e9 rastlinnej rozmanitosti pre rovnomern\u00e9 pestovanie jednej plodiny.<\/p>\n

Ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody monokult\u00far sa vo v\u0161eobecnosti zvy\u0161uj\u00fa s rozlohou obr\u00e1banej p\u00f4dy, a preto sa zvy\u010dajne rozprestieraj\u00fa na stoviek alebo tis\u00edcoch akrov s\u00favisle, \u010do si vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine regi\u00f3nov vy\u017eaduje odles\u0148ovanie.<\/p>\n

Toto je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 znepokojuj\u00face, ke\u010f sa star\u00e9 lesy, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my, r\u00fdchlo odstra\u0148uj\u00fa, aby sa uvo\u013enil priestor pre monokult\u00fary; napr\u00edklad na Borneu a Sumatre, kde sa star\u00e9 da\u017e\u010fov\u00e9 pralesy r\u00fdchlo odstra\u0148uj\u00fa, aby sa uvo\u013enil priestor pre monokult\u00fary palmy olejnej.<\/p>\n

Strata biodiverzity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary s\u00fa svojou povahou opakom rozmanitosti. Jeden druh sa pestuje na ve\u013ekej ploche, niekedy tis\u00edcoch akrov, a pestic\u00eddy sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na odstr\u00e1nenie rastu buriny alebo ak\u00fdchko\u013evek druhov, ktor\u00e9 ohrozuj\u00fa produkciu.<\/p>\n

To vytv\u00e1ra zjavn\u00fd nedostatok biodiverzity, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee n\u00e1sledne sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 kolaps potravinov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca a ekosyst\u00e9mu pre p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 druhy fl\u00f3ry a fauny. Strata mnoh\u00fdch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch druhov sa sp\u00e1ja s roz\u0161irovan\u00edm monokult\u00far, \u010do m\u00e1 zase \u00fa\u010dinok zn\u00e1my ako \u2018trofick\u00e1 kask\u00e1da\u2019 a vedie k ohrozeniu alebo \u00fapln\u00e9mu vyhynutiu mnoh\u00fdch p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch, vo\u013ene \u017eij\u00facich druhov.<\/p>\n

Aby sme sa odvolali na vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fd pr\u00edklad, rozsiahle monokult\u00fary palmy olejnej viedli k strate biotopov a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu ohrozeniu mnoh\u00fdch p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch druhov, ako napr\u00edklad orangutanov.<\/p>\n

Pokles ope\u013eova\u010dov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aplik\u00e1cia glyfos\u00e1tov\u00fdch, a najm\u00e4 neonikotinoidn\u00fdch, pestic\u00eddov na rozsiahlych ploch\u00e1ch sa sp\u00e1ja s obrovsk\u00fdm poklesom popul\u00e1ci\u00ed v\u010diel na celom svete.<\/p>\n

Syndr\u00f3m kolapsu kol\u00f3ni\u00ed (CCD) je trendom od za\u010diatku 21. storo\u010dia a existuje st\u00e1le viac d\u00f4kazov, \u017ee rozsiahle pou\u017e\u00edvanie pestic\u00eddov zohr\u00e1va k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu. Tieto typy pestic\u00eddov sa charakteristicky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch monokult\u00farach, najm\u00e4 pri pestovan\u00ed kukurice.<\/p>\n

Ale to nie je jedin\u00fd faktor, nedostatok rozmanitosti vytv\u00e1ra men\u0161iu variabilitu v strave pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich v\u010diel a t\u00fdm nakoniec ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa zdrav\u00e9 bakt\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 prispievaj\u00fa k v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e9mu a dlhotrvaj\u00facemu zdroju potravy pre ich kol\u00f3nie.<\/p>\n

Zne\u010distenie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mana\u017ement monokult\u00far do zna\u010dnej miery z\u00e1vis\u00ed od \u010dast\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edvania syntetick\u00fdch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, ako s\u00fa pestic\u00eddy a hnojiv\u00e1, na ve\u013ek\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch na kontrolu buriny a \u0161kodcov a podporu rastu plod\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Hoci sa mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto syntetick\u00fdch vstupov pova\u017euj\u00fa za nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre rozsiahlu produkciu ur\u010dit\u00fdch trhov\u00fdch plod\u00edn, miera ich vyu\u017e\u00edvania a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 kontamin\u00e1cia miestnych povod\u00ed odtokom m\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017ene n\u00e1sledky.<\/p>\n

Odtok hnoj\u00edv priamo s\u00favis\u00ed s rozvojom kvitnutia rias a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm vytv\u00e1ran\u00edm hypoxick\u00fdch m\u0155tvych z\u00f3n, ktor\u00e9 zanech\u00e1vaj\u00fa vodn\u00e9 oblasti bez morsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Okrem podzemn\u00fdch v\u00f4d a povodia s\u00fa zne\u010distenie ovzdu\u0161ia emisiami met\u00e1nu, oxidu dusn\u00e9ho a oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho tie\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami pri rozsiahlych monokult\u00farach, najm\u00e4 pri chove dobytka.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1chylnos\u0165 na imunitu vo\u010di \u0161kodcom a devast\u00e1ciu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Medzi ekol\u00f3gmi je v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1me, \u017ee diverzita podporuje odolnos\u0165 s viacer\u00fdmi bari\u00e9rami a sp\u00e4tn\u00fdmi v\u00e4zbami, ktor\u00e9 prirodzene obmedzuj\u00fa \u0161kody, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee jeden \u0161kodca alebo choroba sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 rozmanitej popul\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n

Absencia druhovej diverzity v monokult\u00farach z nich urobila v istom zmysle nen\u00e1padne le\u017eiacich ka\u010d\u00edc pred devast\u00e1ciou zo strany \u0161kodcov a chor\u00f4b \u0161pecifick\u00fdch pre hostite\u013ea, ktor\u00ed zrazu maj\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii akre akre nepretr\u017eitej potravy a \u017eivnej p\u00f4dy bez akejko\u013evek prirodzenej kontroly.<\/p>\n

Toto je e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m v monokult\u00farach, ktor\u00e9 praktizuj\u00fa monoplodiny a nakoniec podporuj\u00fa viacero gener\u00e1ci\u00ed toho ist\u00e9ho hmyzieho \u0161kodcu v jednej oblasti s ni\u010div\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledkami.<\/p>\n

Pravideln\u00e9 postrekovanie pestic\u00eddmi v skuto\u010dnosti zv\u00fd\u0161ilo agresivitu mnoh\u00fdch druhov \u0161kodcov, ktor\u00e9 sa prisp\u00f4sobili a stali sa odoln\u00fdmi vo\u010di t\u00fdmto vstupom, \u010d\u00edm zhor\u0161ili p\u00f4vodn\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

Zhut\u0148ovanie a er\u00f3zia p\u00f4dy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Automatiz\u00e1cia po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva a prevl\u00e1daj\u00face pou\u017e\u00edvanie ve\u013ek\u00fdch, \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch strojov v monokult\u00farnom hospod\u00e1rstve sp\u00f4sobili rozsiahle zhutnenie p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n

Strata mikrobi\u00e1lnej diverzity a \u0161trukt\u00fary p\u00f4dy je spojen\u00e1 aj s monokult\u00farnymi syst\u00e9mami, kde jeden rastlinn\u00fd druh sa \u017eiv\u00ed svojimi \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi preferenciami v oblasti \u017eiv\u00edn a miner\u00e1lov, \u010d\u00edm p\u00f4da zbaven\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00edn bez mo\u017enosti ich obnovenia prostredn\u00edctvom rozmanitej v\u00fdsadby.<\/p>\n

Podobne v\u00fdsadba jedn\u00e9ho druhu na ve\u013ekej ploche vytv\u00e1ra ove\u013ea nestabilnej\u0161iu kore\u0148ov\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru, preto\u017ee je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd iba jeden typ kore\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu na ukotvenie p\u00f4dy a t\u00e1 sa \u010dasom st\u00e1va n\u00e1chylnej\u0161ou na er\u00f3ziu a stratu ornice.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary tie\u017e zozbieraj\u00fa v\u0161etku svoju \u00farodu v ur\u010ditom \u010dasovom r\u00e1mci, \u010d\u00edm ponechaj\u00fa obrovsk\u00e9 plochy holej p\u00f4dy vystaven\u00e9 \u017eivlom niekedy aj cel\u00fa zimu (ak sa nepestuj\u00fa krycie plodiny), \u010do vedie k vysokej miere er\u00f3zie a pr\u00edpadnej dezertifik\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n

Zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u00farodnosti p\u00f4dy a nestabilita \u017eivobytia<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0161etky vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody v kombin\u00e1cii u\u017e viedli k tomu, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri pestuj\u00faci komer\u010dn\u00e9 monokult\u00fary zaznamenali pokles v\u00fdnosov, preto\u017ee ich postupy prekro\u010dili vrchol produkcie a teraz hospod\u00e1ria na \u010doraz viac dezertifikovanej a erodovanej p\u00f4de.<\/p>\n

Strata celkovej \u00farodnosti p\u00f4dy a rast\u00faca imunita \u0161kodcov a buriny vo\u010di glyfos\u00e1tov\u00fdm pestic\u00eddom znamen\u00e1 nevyhnutn\u00fd zlom, v ktorom tradi\u010dn\u00fd model priemyseln\u00fdch monokult\u00far u\u017e nie je uskuto\u010dnite\u013enou po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskou technikou.<\/p>\n

To, \u017eia\u013e, vedie k ne\u00famern\u00e9mu riziku, ktor\u00e9 zn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rski mana\u017e\u00e9ri, preto\u017ee ich \u017eivobytie sa st\u00e1va \u010doraz nestabilnej\u0161\u00edm so stratou \u00farodnosti p\u00f4dy a stratami v\u00fdnosov.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u00farni pestovatelia maj\u00fa tie\u017e v\u0161etky vajcia v jednom ko\u0161\u00edku a s\u00fa z\u00e1visl\u00ed od \u00faspechu jedn\u00e9ho konkr\u00e9tneho druhu, \u010do ich rob\u00ed ve\u013emi zranite\u013en\u00fdmi vo\u010di strate celej \u00farody a pr\u00edjmov v jednej sez\u00f3ne v d\u00f4sledku konkr\u00e9tneho \u0161kodcu, choroby alebo poveternostnej udalosti.<\/p>\n

Zmier\u0148ovanie nepriazniv\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov monokult\u00farnych syst\u00e9mov<\/h2>\n

Presn\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 zmierni\u0165 a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 niektor\u00e9 zo \u0161kodlivej\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinkov monokult\u00farnych syst\u00e9mov pomocou syst\u00e9mov zalo\u017een\u00fdch na \u00fadajoch, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu presne ur\u010di\u0165 potreby a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 plytvanie a zne\u010distenie miestneho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.<\/p>\n

Hoci sa mnoho farm\u00e1rov a agropodnikov sna\u017e\u00ed prejs\u0165 na polykult\u00farne syst\u00e9my, zost\u00e1vaj\u00face monokult\u00fary sa daj\u00fa vylep\u0161i\u0165 pomocou niektor\u00fdch z t\u00fdchto strat\u00e9gi\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Aplik\u00e1cia s variabilnou d\u00e1vkou a zavla\u017eovanie (VRA a VRI)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zhut\u0148ovanie p\u00f4dy a zne\u010distenie spojen\u00e9 s rozsiahlymi monokult\u00farami mo\u017eno zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 integr\u00e1ciou aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s variabiln\u00fdm d\u00e1vkovan\u00edm, \u010do eliminuje aplik\u00e1ciu zbyto\u010dn\u00fdch vstupov, a t\u00fdm aj zbyto\u010dn\u00fd pohyb traktorov s postrekovac\u00edm zariaden\u00edm po poliach.<\/p>\n

Prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 Mapy VRA<\/a> pozrie\u0165 sa na geopriestorov\u00e9 \u00fadaje s cie\u013eom analyzova\u0165, ktor\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tne oblasti potrebuj\u00fa vstupy a v ak\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch, \u010d\u00edm sa vyhnete tradi\u010dne nehospod\u00e1rnemu pr\u00edstupu vysielania rovnak\u00fdch vstupov po celej oblasti.<\/p>\n

Tieto mapy je mo\u017en\u00e9 nahra\u0165 do strojov a traktorov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 ve\u013emi presn\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu vstupov iba tam, kde s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9, pri\u010dom sa vyh\u00fdbaj\u00fa m\u0155tvym z\u00f3nam a zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa topografiu a odvodnenie krajiny.<\/p>\n

Striedanie plod\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ako u\u017e bolo v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku spomenut\u00e9, pestovanie monoplod\u00edn je samostatn\u00e1 prax, ktor\u00e1 sa \u010dasto sp\u00e1ja s monokult\u00farami, kde sa plodiny nestriedaj\u00fa z roka na rok. Ke\u010f sa monokult\u00fara pestuje monoplodinou, mnoh\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody sa zhor\u0161uj\u00fa a najm\u00e4 kvalita p\u00f4dy a celkov\u00e1 \u00farodnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy sa v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u00fary, ktor\u00e9 sa striedaj\u00fa ka\u017ed\u00fa sez\u00f3nu, aby sa podporila mikrobi\u00e1lna a nutri\u010dn\u00e1 diverzita v p\u00f4de a preru\u0161ili sa genera\u010dn\u00e9 cykly rozmno\u017eovania \u0161kodcov, s\u00fa najlep\u0161ie pre po\u013enohospod\u00e1rov aj pre p\u00f4du a celkovo s\u00fa z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska udr\u017eate\u013enej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

Integrovan\u00e1 ochrana proti \u0161kodcom<\/strong><\/p>\n

Integrovan\u00e1 ochrana proti \u0161kodcom (IPM) za\u017e\u00edva v sektore po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych technol\u00f3gi\u00ed prudk\u00fd rozmach, pri\u010dom viacero startupov a spolo\u010dnost\u00ed sa sna\u017e\u00ed odkloni\u0165 od glyfos\u00e1tov\u00fdch pestic\u00eddov a prejs\u0165 na alternat\u00edvne produkty, ako s\u00fa bioracion\u00e1lne pestic\u00eddy.<\/p>\n

Bioracion\u00e1lne produkty, ako napr\u00edklad Bt pestic\u00eddy, nie s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na chemickej b\u00e1ze, ale pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u017eiv\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 kontroly, ako napr\u00edklad mikr\u00f3b Bt, na elimin\u00e1ciu lariev \u0161kodcov bez toho, aby mali rovnak\u00e9 de\u0161trukt\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky na biodiverzitu p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n

Bt pestic\u00eddy s\u00fa len jedn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom mnoh\u00fdch bioracion\u00e1lnych produktov vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich prirodzene sa vyskytuj\u00face bakt\u00e9rie a huby a existuj\u00fa aj in\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 sa uberaj\u00fa in\u00fdm smerom s kontrolou zalo\u017eenou na ferom\u00f3noch. Manipul\u00e1cia a postrekovanie ferom\u00f3nmi \u0161kodcov nar\u00fa\u0161a reproduk\u010dn\u00e9 cykly r\u00f4znych \u0161kodcov t\u00fdm, \u017ee nar\u00fa\u0161a ich p\u00e1riace vzorce na druhovo \u0161pecifickej \u00farovni.<\/p>\n

To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee tieto z\u00e1sahy ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa iba sledovan\u00e9ho \u0161kodcu a zvy\u0161ok ekosyst\u00e9mu nech\u00e1vaj\u00fa relat\u00edvne nedotknut\u00fd. Pou\u017e\u00edvanie strat\u00e9gi\u00ed a technol\u00f3gi\u00ed integrovanej ochrany pred \u0161kodcami v monokult\u00farnom meradle m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l zmierni\u0165 niektor\u00e9 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 t\u00e1to prax na zne\u010distenie a na diverzitu ope\u013eova\u010dov a p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n

Stroje a zariadenia poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00e9 obnovite\u013enou energiou<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vyu\u017e\u00edvanie elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel a obnovite\u013en\u00fdch zdrojov energie v monokult\u00farnej prev\u00e1dzke je d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou zabezpe\u010denia ich dlhovekosti v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskom syst\u00e9me, ke\u010f\u017ee takmer ka\u017ed\u00fd glob\u00e1lny sektor sa odkl\u00e1\u0148a od z\u00e1vislosti od fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edvanie dronov a vysoko \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch postrekovac\u00edch zariaden\u00ed spolu s inteligentn\u00fdmi zariadeniami a strojmi m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 zne\u010distenie a pohyb strojov len tam a vtedy, ke\u010f je to potrebn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161i\u0165 okraje a priestory pre koridory pre vo\u013ene \u017eij\u00face zvierat\u00e1 a biodiverzitu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie ve\u013ekosti prev\u00e1dzky, alebo aspo\u0148 vytvorenie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho po\u010dtu okrajov a koridorov v monokult\u00farach, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 tie\u017e k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre ich menej de\u0161trukt\u00edvne p\u00f4sobenie na miestnu biodiverzitu a lesy.<\/p>\n

Mnoh\u00e9 druhy fl\u00f3ry a fauny vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa okraje a hranice r\u00f4znych typov p\u00f4dy na tie\u0148, r\u00f4zne zdroje potravy alebo ako sp\u00f4sob dopravy v krajine.<\/p>\n

Zalesnen\u00e9 koridory pre vo\u013ene \u017eij\u00face zvierat\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom rozsiahlych monokult\u00far by mohli v\u00fdrazne zlep\u0161i\u0165 \u00fasilie o ochranu p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch druhov t\u00fdm, \u017ee by im poskytli cestu na pohyb cez polia bez toho, aby boli zranite\u013en\u00e9 vo\u010di vystaveniu sa slne\u010dn\u00e9mu \u017eiareniu, a zalesnen\u00e9 oblasti poskytuj\u00fa okolitej krajine \u010dist\u00fd ochladzuj\u00faci \u00fa\u010dinok.<\/p>\n

Krycie orezanie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Krycie plodiny s\u00fa tradi\u010dnou met\u00f3dou na zachovanie \u0161trukt\u00fary p\u00f4dy a prevenciu er\u00f3zie p\u00f4dy po\u010das zimy, ktor\u00e1 sa v komer\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch be\u017ene nevyu\u017e\u00edva.<\/p>\n

Lucerna, \u010fatelina a r\u00f4zne strukoviny s\u00fa ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 krycie plodiny, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu sia\u0165 na jese\u0148 pred prv\u00fdmi mrazmi a potom sa na jar pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako zelen\u00e9 hnojivo, \u010d\u00edm sa po rozmrazen\u00ed p\u00f4dy dop\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa bohat\u00e1 organick\u00e1 hmota.<\/p>\n

Krycie plodiny sa daj\u00fa \u013eahko implementova\u0165 v monokult\u00farach s pou\u017eit\u00edm takmer rovnak\u00e9ho vybavenia a poskytuj\u00fa ochranu, izol\u00e1ciu a organick\u00fa hmotu u\u017e aj tak krehk\u00fdm p\u00f4dnym syst\u00e9mom.<\/p>\n

Bud\u00facnos\u0165 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych syst\u00e9mov: Polykult\u00fary<\/h2>\n

Bud\u00facnos\u0165 udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva spo\u010d\u00edva vo v\u0161eobecnom odklone od tradi\u010dne intenz\u00edvnych monokult\u00far smerom k rozmanitej\u0161\u00edm a odolnej\u0161\u00edm polykult\u00farnym syst\u00e9mom.<\/p>\n

\"Bud\u00facnos\u0165<\/p>\n

Ale pre zost\u00e1vaj\u00face monokult\u00fary alebo tie selekt\u00edvne monokult\u00fary, u ktor\u00fdch sa preuk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161ie v\u00fdnosy obiln\u00edn a in\u00fdch podobn\u00fdch plod\u00edn, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 prijatie kryc\u00edch plod\u00edn, striedanie plod\u00edn, budovanie p\u00f4dy a rozdelenie tis\u00edcov akrov na plochy so zalesnen\u00fdmi koridormi.<\/p>\n

Ve\u013ea po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych technol\u00f3gi\u00ed je v skuto\u010dnosti navrhnut\u00fdch tak, aby ve\u013emi dobre fungovali v prostred\u00ed polykult\u00far aj monokult\u00far, napr\u00edklad technol\u00f3gie VRA a VRI, ktor\u00e9 boli navrhnut\u00e9 pre r\u00f4zne potreby a \u0161pecifickos\u0165.<\/p>\n

Polykult\u00farne krajiny, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa agrolesn\u00edctvo a p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 rastliny, s\u00fa dnes v\u010faka pokro\u010dilej mapovacej technol\u00f3gii vhodnej\u0161ie na pestovanie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva potrav\u00edn ako predt\u00fdm a tie\u017e diverzifikuj\u00fa zdroje pr\u00edjmov a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa pohotovostn\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny pre po\u013enohospod\u00e1rov, ktor\u00ed boli predt\u00fdm z\u00e1visl\u00ed od jednej plodiny.<\/p>\n

Dostupnos\u0165 vhodn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm krokom vpred a invest\u00edcie je potrebn\u00e9 smerova\u0165 do vytv\u00e1rania udr\u017eate\u013en\u00fdch rie\u0161en\u00ed zameran\u00fdch konkr\u00e9tne na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie a potreby po\u013enohospod\u00e1rov, aby sa predi\u0161lo opakovaniu ch\u00fdb z minulosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V dne\u0161nej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej komunite prebieha ve\u013ea diskusi\u00ed o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch a nev\u00fdhod\u00e1ch monokult\u00farnych po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych syst\u00e9mov. Zameriava sa najm\u00e4 na to, ako\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":2412,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","_crdt_document":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1380],"tags":[1663],"class_list":["post-2406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","tag-farming"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is monoculture\u2754<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Do you know what are the advantages and disadvantages of a monoculture? 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