{"id":11403,"date":"2025-03-16T21:46:47","date_gmt":"2025-03-16T20:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=11403"},"modified":"2025-03-16T21:46:47","modified_gmt":"2025-03-16T20:46:47","slug":"ako-internet-veci-transformuje-presne-polnohospodarstvo-a-riesi-sucasne-vyzvy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/sk\/blog\/how-iot-is-transforming-precision-agriculture-and-solving-current-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako internet vec\u00ed (IoT) transformuje prec\u00edzne po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo a rie\u0161i s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Svetov\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia r\u00fdchlo rastie a odhady nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee do roku 2050 dosiahne 9,7 miliardy. Aby sa nak\u0155mili v\u0161etci, mus\u00ed sa produkcia potrav\u00edn zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 o 601 ton\/300 ton, ale tradi\u010dn\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske met\u00f3dy \u2013 z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od p\u00f4dy, intenz\u00edvneho vyu\u017e\u00edvania vody a manu\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ce \u2013 s t\u00fdm len \u0165a\u017eko dr\u017e\u00fa krok.<\/p>\n

Klimatick\u00e9 zmeny, degrad\u00e1cia p\u00f4dy a nedostatok vody situ\u00e1ciu zhor\u0161uj\u00fa. Napr\u00edklad samotn\u00e1 er\u00f3zia p\u00f4dy stoj\u00ed po\u013enohospod\u00e1rov ro\u010dne 1440 mili\u00e1rd libier (14,4 ton) v stratenej produktivite, zatia\u013e \u010do tradi\u010dn\u00e9 zavla\u017eovanie sp\u00f4sobuje plytvanie 6013 ton\u00e1mi sladkej vody v d\u00f4sledku zastaran\u00fdch postupov.<\/p>\n

V Indii nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00e9 monz\u00fany zn\u00ed\u017eili za posledn\u00e9 desa\u0165ro\u010die \u00farodu ry\u017ee o 151 TP3 ton. Tieto v\u00fdzvy si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa naliehav\u00e9 rie\u0161enia a inteligentn\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo \u2013 poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00e9 internetom vec\u00ed (IoT) a aeroponikou \u2013 pon\u00faka z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 lano.<\/p>\n

Sila internetu vec\u00ed v modernom po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve<\/h2>\n

Srdcom inteligentn\u00e9ho po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva je internet vec\u00ed, sie\u0165 prepojen\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 zhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00fa a zdie\u013eaj\u00fa \u00fadaje v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase. \u00dastredn\u00fdm prvkom tohto syst\u00e9mu s\u00fa bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e9 senzorov\u00e9 siete (WSN).<\/p>\n

Tieto siete vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa senzory umiestnen\u00e9 na poliach na monitorovanie vlhkosti p\u00f4dy, teploty, vlhkosti a hladiny \u017eiv\u00edn. Napr\u00edklad senzor DHT22 sleduje vlhkos\u0165, zatia\u013e \u010do senzory TDS meraj\u00fa koncentr\u00e1ciu \u017eiv\u00edn vo vode.<\/p>\n

Tieto d\u00e1ta sa odosielaj\u00fa do cloudov\u00fdch platforiem ako ThingSpeak alebo AWS IoT pomocou protokolov s n\u00edzkou spotrebou energie, ako s\u00fa LoRa alebo ZigBee. Po anal\u00fdze m\u00f4\u017ee syst\u00e9m spusti\u0165 akcie, ako je zapnutie zavla\u017eovac\u00edch \u010derpadiel alebo \u00faprava \u00farovne hnoj\u00edv.<\/p>\n

V indickom meste Coimbatore projekt z roku 2022 demon\u0161troval potenci\u00e1l internetu vec\u00ed. Senzory detekovali such\u00e9 z\u00f3ny p\u00f4dy v poliach s paradajkami, \u010do umo\u017enilo cielen\u00e9 zavla\u017eovanie, ktor\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eilo plytvanie vodou o 351 ton.<\/p>\n

Podobne drony vybaven\u00e9 multispektr\u00e1lnymi kamerami skenuj\u00fa rozsiahle polia, aby identifikovali probl\u00e9my, ako je zamorenie \u0161kodcami alebo nedostatok \u017eiv\u00edn.<\/p>\n

V \u0161t\u00fadii z roku 2019 boli pou\u017eit\u00e9 drony na detekciu severskej sp\u00e1ly listov v kukuri\u010dn\u00fdch \u00farod\u00e1ch s presnos\u0165ou 981 TP3T, \u010d\u00edm sa po\u013enohospod\u00e1rom u\u0161etrilo 1 TP4T120 str\u00e1t na aker. Strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie tieto syst\u00e9my \u010falej vylep\u0161uje.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00edci natr\u00e9novali modely umelej inteligencie na tis\u00edckach obr\u00e1zkov listov, aby diagnostikovali choroby, ako je m\u00fa\u010dnatka, s presnos\u0165ou 99,53%, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje farm\u00e1rom kona\u0165 sk\u00f4r, ako bud\u00fa plodiny zni\u010den\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Aeroponika: Pestovanie potrav\u00edn bez p\u00f4dy<\/h2>\n

Zatia\u013e \u010do internet vec\u00ed optimalizuje tradi\u010dn\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo, aeroponika \u00faplne men\u00ed koncepciu po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva. T\u00e1to met\u00f3da pestuje rastliny vo vzduchu, pri\u010dom ich korene s\u00fa zavesen\u00e9 v komor\u00e1ch naplnen\u00fdch hmlou, ktor\u00e9 rozpra\u0161uj\u00fa vodu a \u017eiviny.<\/p>\n

Na rozdiel od pestovania na p\u00f4de sa pri aeroponike pou\u017e\u00edva menej vody a \u017eiadne pestic\u00eddy. Korene efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie absorbuj\u00fa kysl\u00edk, \u010d\u00edm ur\u00fdch\u013euj\u00fa rast.<\/p>\n

Napr\u00edklad, pod\u013ea \u0161t\u00fadie z roku 2018, \u0161al\u00e1t pestovan\u00fd aeroponicky vyv\u00edja 65% r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako v p\u00f4de.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Aeroponika je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 cenn\u00e1 v mest\u00e1ch alebo regi\u00f3noch s chudobnou p\u00f4dou. Vertik\u00e1lne farmy ukladaj\u00fa rastliny do ve\u017e\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm produkuj\u00fa 10-kr\u00e1t viac potrav\u00edn na meter \u0161tvorcov\u00fd ako tradi\u010dn\u00e9 polia.<\/p>\n

V Mexico City priniesla stre\u0161n\u00e1 aeroponick\u00e1 farma v roku 2022 \u00farodu 3,8 kg \u0161al\u00e1tu na meter \u0161tvorcov\u00fd \u2013 trojn\u00e1sobok produkcie pestovania v p\u00f4de \u2013 pri\u010dom sa spotrebovalo iba 10 litrov vody na kilogram.<\/p>\n

Singapursk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Sky Greens ide e\u0161te \u010falej a denne pestuje 1 tonu zeleniny v 9-metrov\u00fdch ve\u017eiach, pri\u010dom vyu\u017e\u00edva o 951 ton menej p\u00f4dy ako konven\u010dn\u00e9 farmy.<\/p>\n

IoT pos\u00fava aeroponiku na nov\u00fa \u00farove\u0148. Senzory monitoruj\u00fa kore\u0148ov\u00e9 komory z h\u013eadiska vlhkosti, pH a hladiny \u017eiv\u00edn a automaticky upravuj\u00fa cykly zavla\u017eovania.<\/p>\n

V projekte z roku 2017 v\u00fdskumn\u00edci automatizovali aeroponick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pomocou Raspberry Pi, \u010d\u00edm zn\u00ed\u017eili n\u00e1klady na pracovn\u00fa silu o 50%. Farm\u00e1ri ovl\u00e1daj\u00fa tieto syst\u00e9my prostredn\u00edctvom mobiln\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako je AgroDecisor, ktor\u00e1 posiela upozornenia na probl\u00e9my, ako je nerovnov\u00e1ha \u017eiv\u00edn.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzvy spoma\u013euj\u00face pokrok<\/h2>\n

Napriek svojmu potenci\u00e1lu \u010delia internet vec\u00ed a aeroponika zna\u010dn\u00fdm prek\u00e1\u017ekam. Hlavnou bari\u00e9rou s\u00fa vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 nastavenie internetu vec\u00ed stoj\u00ed 1 500 \u2013 5 000, zatia\u013e \u010do pokro\u010dil\u00e9 drony a senzory vy\u017eaduj\u00fa po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 invest\u00edcie 10 000 \u2013 50 000 \u2013 \u010do je \u010faleko za hranicami mo\u017enost\u00ed mal\u00fdch po\u013enohospod\u00e1rov v rozvojov\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch. \u00dadr\u017eba z\u00e1rove\u0148 prid\u00e1va \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 15 \u2013 201 TP3T ro\u010dne, \u010do e\u0161te viac za\u0165a\u017euje rozpo\u010dty.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m zhor\u0161uje aj nedostato\u010dn\u00e1 konektivita. Pribli\u017ene 40% obyvate\u013eov vidieckych oblast\u00ed nem\u00e1 spo\u013eahliv\u00fd internet, \u010do ochromuje prenos \u00fadajov v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase.<\/p>\n

V Eti\u00f3pii zlyhal pilotn\u00fd projekt internetu vec\u00ed v roku 2021, ke\u010f sign\u00e1l 3G klesol uprostred po\u013ea, \u010do naru\u0161ilo zavla\u017eovacie harmonogramy. Hrozia aj ve\u013ek\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1. Protokoly internetu vec\u00ed, ako s\u00fa MQTT a CoAP, \u010dasto nemaj\u00fa \u0161ifrovanie, \u010do rob\u00ed syst\u00e9my zranite\u013en\u00fdmi vo\u010di hackerom.<\/p>\n

V roku 2021 62% po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych syst\u00e9mov internetu vec\u00ed nahl\u00e1silo kybernetick\u00e9 \u00fatoky vr\u00e1tane \u00fanikov \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 mohli manipulova\u0165 s \u00fadajmi zo senzorov alebo deaktivova\u0165 zariadenia.<\/p>\n

Technick\u00e1 zlo\u017eitos\u0165 prid\u00e1va \u010fal\u0161iu vrstvu \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed. Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri potrebuj\u00fa \u0161kolenie na interpret\u00e1ciu \u00fadajov a rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov so syst\u00e9mami.<\/p>\n

Aeroponick\u00fd projekt v Kolumbii z roku 2017 skolaboval, ke\u010f nespr\u00e1vne nastavenie pH po\u0161kodilo plodiny a sp\u00f4sobilo stratu $12 000 saden\u00edc.<\/p>\n

Dokonca aj nap\u00e1janie je probl\u00e9mom \u2013 po\u010das monz\u00fanov zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00fa sol\u00e1rne senzory a drony vydr\u017eia na jedno nabitie iba 20 \u2013 30 min\u00fat.<\/p>\n

Bud\u00facnos\u0165 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva: Inov\u00e1cie na obzore<\/h2>\n

Napriek t\u00fdmto v\u00fdzvam vyzer\u00e1 bud\u00facnos\u0165 s\u013eubne. Siete 5G sp\u00f4sobia revol\u00faciu v oblasti konektivity a umo\u017enia dronom monitorova\u0165 rozsiahle farmy v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase.<\/p>\n

V Braz\u00edlii sa v roku 2023 v r\u00e1mci testovania pou\u017eili drony pripojen\u00e9 k sieti 5G na skenovanie viac ako 1 000 akrov s\u00f3jov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, pri\u010dom choroby boli detekovan\u00e9 za 10 min\u00fat namiesto dn\u00ed. Umel\u00e1 inteligencia na okraji siete, ktor\u00e1 spracov\u00e1va \u00fadaje priamo na zariadeniach, zni\u017euje z\u00e1vislos\u0165 od cloudu.<\/p>\n

Napr\u00edklad syst\u00e9m MangoYOLO po\u010d\u00edta mang\u00e1 s presnos\u0165ou 91% pomocou palubn\u00fdch kamier, \u010d\u00edm eliminuje oneskorenia sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 nahr\u00e1van\u00edm \u00fadajov.<\/p>\n

Technol\u00f3gia blockchain je \u010fal\u0161\u00edm prelomov\u00fdm faktorom. Sledovan\u00edm produkcie od farmy a\u017e po spotrebite\u013ea zabezpe\u010duje transparentnos\u0165 a zni\u017euje mieru podvodov.<\/p>\n

Aplik\u00e1cia eFarm vyu\u017e\u00edva d\u00e1ta z\u00edskan\u00e9 z crowdsourcingu na overovanie ekologick\u00fdch certifik\u00e1ci\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm zn\u00ed\u017eila podvody o 30%. Syst\u00e9m blockchainu spolo\u010dnosti Walmart zn\u00ed\u017eil v roku 2022 chyby v dod\u00e1vate\u013eskom re\u0165azci manga o 90%.<\/p>\n

Sklen\u00edky riaden\u00e9 umelou inteligenciou tie\u017e naberaj\u00fa na obr\u00e1tkach. Tieto syst\u00e9my vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa modely ako VGG19 na monitorovanie zdravia rastl\u00edn s presnos\u0165ou 91,52%.<\/p>\n

V Japonsku roboty ako AGROBOT zbieraj\u00fa jahody 24 hod\u00edn denne, 7 dn\u00ed v t\u00fd\u017edni, \u010d\u00edm strojn\u00e1sobuj\u00fa produktivitu. Aj mestsk\u00e9 oblasti prij\u00edmaj\u00fa aeroponiku \u2013 berl\u00ednsky Infarm pestuje bylinky v obchodoch s potravinami, \u010d\u00edm zni\u017euje emisie z dopravy o 951 ton.<\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1dy a spolo\u010dnosti sa akt\u00edvne zap\u00e1jaj\u00fa. Indick\u00e1 iniciat\u00edva Agro-Tech z roku 2023 dotuje n\u00e1stroje internetu vec\u00ed pre 500 000 mal\u00fdch farm\u00e1rov, zatia\u013e \u010do spolo\u010dnos\u0165 FarmBeats od spolo\u010dnosti Microsoft poskytuje kensk\u00fdm farm\u00e1rom lacn\u00e9 drony.<\/p>\n

Pl\u00e1n \u00faspechu<\/h2>\n

Internet vec\u00ed a aeroponika nie s\u00fa len n\u00e1stroje \u2013 s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre udr\u017eate\u013en\u00fa bud\u00facnos\u0165. Do roku 2030 by tieto technol\u00f3gie mohli:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • U\u0161etrite 1,5 bili\u00f3na litrov vody ro\u010dne.<\/li>\n
  • Zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 emisie sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plynov o 1,5 gigatony ro\u010dne.<\/li>\n
  • Nak\u0155mi\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie 2 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed bez roz\u0161irovania po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Aby sa to dosiahlo, vl\u00e1dy musia dotova\u0165 cenovo dostupn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 pr\u00edstup na internet na vidieku a presadzova\u0165 \u0161tandardy kybernetickej bezpe\u010dnosti. Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri potrebuj\u00fa \u0161kolenie, aby mohli tieto technol\u00f3gie efekt\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165.<\/p>\n

    Ako uv\u00e1dza FAO: \u201cBud\u00facnos\u0165 potrav\u00edn z\u00e1vis\u00ed od dne\u0161n\u00fdch inov\u00e1ci\u00ed.\u201d Prijat\u00edm internetu vec\u00ed a aeroponiky m\u00f4\u017eeme vytvori\u0165 svet, v ktorom nikto nebude hladova\u0165 \u2013 a kde po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo na\u0161u plan\u00e9tu \u017eiv\u00ed, a nie \u0161kod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Referencia<\/strong>: Dhanasekar, S. (2025). Komplexn\u00fd preh\u013ead aktu\u00e1lnych ot\u00e1zok a pokroku internetu vec\u00ed v presnom po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve. Computer Science Review, 55, 100694.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Svetov\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia r\u00fdchlo rastie a odhady nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee do roku 2050 dosiahne 9,7 miliardy. Aby sa nak\u0155mili v\u0161etci, mus\u00ed sa produkcia potrav\u00edn zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 o 60%,\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210249433,"featured_media":11405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1657,1377],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-precision-farming","category-crop-monitoring"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow IoT Is Transforming Precision Agriculture and Solving Current Challenges? - GeoPard Agriculture<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"At the heart of smart farming is IoT, a network of interconnected devices that collect and share data in real time.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/sk\/blog\/ako-internet-veci-transformuje-presne-polnohospodarstvo-a-riesi-sucasne-vyzvy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How IoT Is Transforming Precision Agriculture and Solving Current Challenges? - GeoPard Agriculture\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At the heart of smart farming is IoT, a network of interconnected devices that collect and share data in real time.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/sk\/blog\/ako-internet-veci-transformuje-presne-polnohospodarstvo-a-riesi-sucasne-vyzvy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"GeoPard - 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