{"id":2737,"date":"2021-12-24T12:01:34","date_gmt":"2021-12-24T11:01:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=2737"},"modified":"2023-08-11T17:32:57","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T15:32:57","slug":"ka-parvaldit-salumu-lauksaimnieciba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/how-to-manage-salinity-in-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0101 p\u0101rvald\u012bt s\u0101\u013cumu lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Augsnes s\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s jeb s\u0101ls ietekm\u0113t\u0101s augsnes notiek gandr\u012bz visur pasaul\u0113, da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s topogr\u0101fij\u0101s un da\u017e\u0101dos klimatiskajos apst\u0101k\u013cos. augsnes<\/a> \u0160is katastrof\u0101lais notikums visvair\u0101k skar tos, kas atrodas sausos un da\u013c\u0113ji sausos re\u0123ionos.<\/p>\r\n

\u0160is process var izpausties k\u0101 s\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s vai sodifik\u0101cija, kas tie\u0161i veicina augsnes degrad\u0101ciju un ekosist\u0113mas nel\u012bdzsvarot\u012bbu. M\u016bsdienu lauksaimniec\u012bbas laikmet\u0101 s\u0101\u013c\u0101s augsnes glob\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101 ir viena no galvenaj\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m, ar ko saskaras lauksaimnieki.<\/p>\r\n

S\u0101\u013c\u0101 vai sodisk\u0101 augsne, papildus dabiskajai sastopam\u012bbai, ir ar\u012b intens\u012bvas lauksaimniec\u012bbas produkts, kur\u0101 tiek izmantotas tradicion\u0101l\u0101s p\u0101rtikas ra\u017eo\u0161anas metodes un pa\u0146\u0113mieni. To esam\u012bba un strauj\u0101 ra\u0161an\u0101s ir viens no galvenajiem draudiem p\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101jumam un ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbai.<\/p>\r\n

K\u0101di ir augsnes s\u0101\u013cuma veidi?<\/h2>\r\n

\"augsnes<\/p>\r\n

Vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101k un pareiz\u0101k lauksaimniec\u012bbas vid\u0113 augsnes s\u0101\u013cums ir augsta s\u0101\u013cu koncentr\u0101cija augsnes profil\u0101. S\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s process var notikt gan dabiski, gan antropog\u0113nu darb\u012bbu rezult\u0101t\u0101.<\/p>\r\n

Augsta s\u0101\u013cu koncentr\u0101cija p\u0101rtrauc auga vielmai\u0146u, padarot to nesp\u0113j\u012bgu absorb\u0113t \u016bdeni, bar\u012bbas vielas un mikroelementus.<\/p>\r\n

Augi, kas nepanes augstu s\u0101\u013cuma vai n\u0101trija saturu, audz\u0113ti s\u0101ls ietekm\u0113t\u0101s augsn\u0113s, parasti nov\u012bst vai pan\u012bku\u0161i, kas galu gal\u0101 noved pie to n\u0101ves neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, cik labi ra\u017eot\u0101ji par tiem r\u016bp\u0113j\u0101s.<\/p>\r\n

S\u0101\u013cums un s\u0101ls<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\"S\u0101\u013cums<\/p>\r\n

S\u0101\u013cums lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 atspogu\u013co kop\u0113jo s\u0101\u013cu daudzumu, kas atrodams augsn\u0113 vai jebkur\u0101 cit\u0101 vid\u0113 (ie\u017eos, \u016bden\u012b utt.), un p\u0113c s\u0101\u013cu defin\u012bcijas katr\u0101 neorganiskaj\u0101 miner\u0101lviel\u0101, kas \u0161\u0137\u012bst \u016bden\u012b.<\/p>\r\n

Vispaz\u012bstam\u0101kais s\u0101ls ir n\u0101trija hlor\u012bds, ta\u010du lauksaimniec\u012bbas jom\u0101 tas nav vien\u012bgais s\u0101ls, kas var rasties augsnes profilos. Tie var b\u016bt lielu da\u013cu citu elementu (jonu), piem\u0113ram, Na+, Ca+2, K+, Mg+2, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-2, HCO3- un CO32-, kombin\u0101cija.<\/p>\r\n

To izcelsme parasti ir pamatie\u017ea materi\u0101l\u0101, kas atmosf\u0113ras ietekm\u0113 neliels daudzums no ie\u017eiem iz\u0161\u0137\u012bst \u016bden\u012b, aizpl\u016bst un nogulsn\u0113jas augsn\u0113, grunts\u016bde\u0146os un liel\u0101s \u016bdenstilp\u0113s (j\u016br\u0101s un oke\u0101nos).<\/p>\r\n

Augsnes s\u0101\u013cuma ietekme uz augiem<\/h2>\r\n

Augsta s\u0101\u013cu koncentr\u0101cija augsn\u0113 izraisa osmotisk\u0101 potenci\u0101la trauc\u0113jumus auga \u0161\u016bn\u0101s, \u012bpa\u0161i sak\u0146u zon\u0101. Osmotiskais potenci\u0101ls ir meh\u0101nisms ar dabisku pl\u016bsmu, kas \u013cauj \u0161\u0137idrumam p\u0101riet no vides ar augstu s\u0101ls saturu uz vidi ar zem\u0101ku s\u0101ls saturu.<\/p>\r\n

Prec\u012bz\u0101k, augu un s\u0101\u013cu kontekst\u0101 tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka augi, kuru sak\u0146u sist\u0113m\u0101 ir zem\u0101ka s\u0101\u013cu koncentr\u0101cija, nesp\u0113j ieg\u016bt \u016bdeni un bar\u012bbas vielas no augsnes, kur\u0101 ir augst\u0101ka s\u0101\u013cu koncentr\u0101cija.<\/p>\r\n

Turkl\u0101t, ja augsnes s\u0101ls saturs ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi augsts, tas var izrais\u012bt \u016bdens nopl\u016bdi no sakn\u0113m augsn\u0113. Skartie augi parasti nov\u012bst (neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, cik rei\u017eu lauks ir laist\u012bts) ar tipiskiem abiotisk\u0101 stresa simptomiem, piem\u0113ram, hlorozi.<\/p>\r\n

S\u0101ls augsnes raksturojums<\/h2>\r\n

\"S\u0101ls<\/p>\r\n

Atkar\u012bb\u0101 no augsnes s\u0101\u013cuma veida var veidoties da\u017e\u0101das augsnes, t.\u00a0i., s\u0101\u013cas, s\u0101rmainas un s\u0101\u013cs\u0101rmainas augsnes. S\u0101\u013ca augsne ir augsne, kur\u0101 ir p\u0101r\u0101k daudz n\u0101trija s\u0101\u013cu, kas veidoti no hlor\u012bdiem, sulf\u0101tiem, bikarbon\u0101tiem un n\u0101trija nitr\u0101tiem, un augsnes agreg\u0101ti satur apmain\u0101mu kalciju.<\/p>\r\n

S\u0101rmain\u0101s augsn\u0113s parasti nav paaugstin\u0101ts s\u0101\u013cu l\u012bmenis, bet gan liels n\u0101trija katjonu (Na+) daudzums. S\u0101\u013c\u0101s-s\u0101rmain\u0101s augsnes ir abu iepriek\u0161 min\u0113to augsnes veidu kombin\u0101cija, kur\u0101 ir p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgs s\u0101\u013cu un m\u0101la daudzums ar augstu n\u0101trija jonu saturu.<\/p>\r\n

Kas izraisa augsnes s\u0101\u013co\u0161anos<\/h2>\r\n

S\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s notiek noteiktos apst\u0101k\u013cos: lauka topogr\u0101fija ir pak\u013cauta s\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s procesam kapil\u0101ro kust\u012bbu un seklu un s\u0101\u013cu grunts\u016bde\u0146u iztvaiko\u0161anas ietekm\u0113, apgabalos ar sausu un da\u013c\u0113ji sausu kontinent\u0101lo-subvidusj\u016bras klimatu ar sp\u0113c\u012bgu evapotranspir\u0101ciju.<\/p>\r\n

Galvenie s\u0101\u013cu avoti ir s\u0101\u013c\u0101s paleog\u0113na nogulsnes un noteiktu vielu \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101 sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s. Cilv\u0113ka ietekme uz \u0161o aug\u0161\u0146u \u0123en\u0113zi un \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m var b\u016bt netie\u0161a un tie\u0161a.<\/p>\r\n

Netie\u0161\u0101 cilv\u0113ka ietekme ir augsnes \u0123en\u0113tisko faktoru (hidrogr\u0101fisko apst\u0101k\u013cu, ve\u0123et\u0101cijas u.\u00a0c.) izmai\u0146as. Tie\u0161\u0101 ietekme, kas pastiprina s\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s procesu, ir augu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana ar s\u0101ls\u016bdeni vai miner\u0101lm\u0113slu lieto\u0161ana augsn\u0113s ar zemu caurlaid\u012bbu.<\/p>\r\n

\u0160eit ir vair\u0101kas galven\u0101s situ\u0101cijas, kas izraisa augsnes s\u0101\u013co\u0161anos: \u0123eolo\u0123iski notikumi (p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgi organisko vielu zudumi klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146u d\u0113\u013c, t\u0101lsatiksmes v\u0113ji, kas nes s\u0101\u013cus, zemestr\u012bces, kas izjauc augsnes profilu), dabiski faktori (klimats, pamatie\u017eu veids, zemes segums un lauku topogr\u0101fisk\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas) un antropog\u0113n\u0101s darb\u012bbas (p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga miner\u0101lm\u0113slu lieto\u0161ana, intens\u012bva ar\u0161ana, ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana ar s\u0101li saturo\u0161u \u016bdeni, intens\u012bva ra\u017eo\u0161ana), kas var tie\u0161i vai netie\u0161i ietekm\u0113t s\u0101\u013cu koncentr\u0101ciju augsn\u0113.<\/p>\r\n

Indikatori, kas par\u0101d\u0101s augsnes s\u0101\u013co\u0161an\u0101s laik\u0101:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n