{"id":2406,"date":"2021-12-22T07:54:32","date_gmt":"2021-12-22T06:54:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=2406"},"modified":"2023-08-11T17:24:44","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T15:24:44","slug":"monokulturas-prieksrocibas-un-trukumi-lauksaimnieciba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/monoculture-in-agriculture-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","title":{"rendered":"Monokult\u016bra lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101: priek\u0161roc\u012bbas un tr\u016bkumi"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u016bsdien\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas kopien\u0101 notiek daudz diskusiju par monokultur\u0101lu lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113mu priek\u0161roc\u012bb\u0101m un tr\u016bkumiem. Galvenok\u0101rt uzman\u012bba tiek piev\u0113rsta tam, k\u0101 t\u0101s veicina vides degrad\u0101ciju un klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146as, k\u0101 ar\u012b tam, k\u0101 t\u0101s ietekm\u0113 pieaugo\u0161\u0101 pasaules iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju skaita, kura, dom\u0101jams, l\u012bdz 2050. gadam sasniegs 10 miljardus, apg\u0101di.<\/p>\n

Lauksaimniec\u012bba ir non\u0101kusi t\u0101d\u0101 st\u0101vokl\u012b, kur tai ir j\u0101k\u013c\u016bst ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bg\u0101kai, j\u0101samazina pies\u0101r\u0146ojums un j\u0101apsaimnieko augsnes sist\u0113mas, vienlaikus palielinot ra\u017eo\u0161anu, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu lielu p\u0101rtikas daudzumu strauji augo\u0161aj\u0101m pils\u0113tu teritorij\u0101m. K\u0101 tas saist\u0101s ar monokult\u016br\u0101m? Izp\u0113t\u012bsim, ko \u0161is termins noz\u012bm\u0113 un k\u0101da ir t\u0101 loma main\u012bgaj\u0101 p\u0101rtikas sist\u0113m\u0101.<\/p>\n

Kas ir monokult\u016bra?<\/h2>\n

Monokult\u016bras ir lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113mas, kur\u0101s noteikt\u0101 laik\u0101, parasti vis\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bbas sezon\u0101, lauk\u0101 audz\u0113 tikai viena veida kult\u016braugu. Monokult\u016bras ir domin\u0113ju\u0161as liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 p\u0101rtikas ra\u017eo\u0161anas kop\u0161 pla\u0161i izplat\u012bt\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas mehaniz\u0101cijas 20. gadsimt\u0101, kas vienk\u0101r\u0161oja vienas kult\u016bras audz\u0113\u0161anu vienlaikus.<\/p>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar p\u0113t\u012bjuma rezult\u0101tiem, kur\u0101 tika analiz\u0113ti FAO dati, kvie\u0161i, kukur\u016bza, soja un r\u012bsi aiz\u0146em nedaudz maz\u0101k nek\u0101 501\u00a0TP3\u00a0T no pasaules lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemes un gandr\u012bz vienm\u0113r tiek audz\u0113ti k\u0101 monokult\u016bras. K\u0101 alternat\u012bva, polikult\u016bras ir sist\u0113mas, kur\u0101s vienlaikus vien\u0101 lauk\u0101 audz\u0113 divas vai vair\u0101kas kult\u016bras, un t\u0101 ir tradicion\u0101l\u0101ka zemes apsaimnieko\u0161anas metode.<\/p>\n

Paturiet pr\u0101t\u0101, ka, lai gan monokult\u016bras vienlaikus audz\u0113 tikai vienu kult\u016bru, t\u0101s joproj\u0101m var main\u012bt lauk\u0101 st\u0101d\u012bt\u0101s kult\u016bras augseku no gada uz gadu un joproj\u0101m tikt sauktas par monokult\u016bru. Monokult\u016bra ir termins, ko lieto, lai at\u0161\u0137irtu darb\u012bbas, kur\u0101s katru gadu vien\u0101 un taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 viet\u0101 nep\u0101rtraukti audz\u0113 vienas un t\u0101s pa\u0161as augu sugas monokult\u016bras bez augsekas.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bru priek\u0161roc\u012bbas<\/h2>\n

Monokult\u016bras att\u012bst\u012bj\u0101s no industrializ\u0113tas p\u0101rtikas sist\u0113mas, kas cent\u0101s apmierin\u0101t globaliz\u0113t\u0101s iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju vajadz\u012bbas un piepras\u012bjumu, un ir nodro\u0161in\u0101jusi pamatu m\u016bsu piek\u013cuvei daudziem p\u0101rtikas pamatproduktiem m\u016bsdien\u0101s. Da\u017eas no \u0161\u012bs zemes apsaimnieko\u0161anas sist\u0113mas sniegtaj\u0101m priek\u0161roc\u012bb\u0101m ir \u0161\u0101das:<\/p>\n

\"Monokult\u016bru<\/p>\n

Vienk\u0101r\u0161a p\u0101rvald\u012bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vienas kult\u016bras apsaimnieko\u0161ana vienlaikus vienk\u0101r\u0161o biznesa modeli daudziem saimniec\u012bbu vad\u012bt\u0101jiem un lauksaimniec\u012bbas uz\u0146\u0113mumiem. Ar vienu atsevi\u0161\u0137u sugu aps\u0113ta lauka vienveid\u012bba noz\u012bm\u0113, ka visa sagatavo\u0161ana, ieguld\u012bjumi, kult\u016braugu kop\u0161ana un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161ana liel\u0101 plat\u012bb\u0101 ir vien\u0101da, un maz\u0101k j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 da\u017e\u0101du sugu vajadz\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bras b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 \u013coti atvieglo lauksaimniekiem saimnieko\u0161anu, jo t\u0101s liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 likvid\u0113 daudzveid\u012bbu un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nov\u0113r\u0161 nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu p\u0101rvald\u012bt sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101k\u0101s sist\u0113mu saiknes, kas ar to saist\u012btas.<\/p>\n

Graudu ra\u017eas maksimiz\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bras, kas praktiz\u0113 augseku no sezonas uz sezonu, sp\u0113j maksim\u0101li palielin\u0101t noteiktu kult\u016braugu ra\u017eu, kuru ra\u017ea b\u016btu zem\u0101ka, ja t\u0101s tiktu st\u0101d\u012btas starpkult\u016bru sist\u0113m\u0101 ar citu sugu augiem.<\/p>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Va\u0161ingtonas \u0161tata universit\u0101tes datiem, tas, k\u0101 zi\u0146ots, attiecas uz t\u0101diem graudaugiem k\u0101 kvie\u0161i, auzas un rap\u0161i.5 Tas jo \u012bpa\u0161i attiecas uz pr\u0113riju re\u0123ioniem, kur klimats ir labv\u0113l\u012bgs \u0161\u0101da veida kult\u016braugu ra\u017eo\u0161anai sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar citiem, t\u0101p\u0113c liela apjoma ra\u017eo\u0161anai ir nepiecie\u0161ams minim\u0101ls darbasp\u0113ks un ieguld\u012bjumi. ra\u017eas ra\u017ea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r monokult\u016br\u0101m, kas praktiz\u0113 monokult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161anu, laika gait\u0101 parasti samazin\u0101s ra\u017ea augsnes degrad\u0101cijas un erozijas d\u0113\u013c, kas kopum\u0101 samazina zemes augl\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Liel\u0101ki ie\u0146\u0113mumi no specializ\u0113t\u0101s ra\u017eo\u0161anas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapit\u0101listisk\u0101 tirg\u016b specializ\u0101cija ir \u013coti svar\u012bga, un monokult\u016bras p\u0113c savas b\u016bt\u012bbas ir hiperspecializ\u0113tas, un bie\u017ei vien viena saimniec\u012bba koncentr\u0113sies tikai uz savas monokult\u016br\u0101 audz\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016bras ra\u017eo\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Apr\u012bkojuma, s\u0113klu un visp\u0101r\u0113ju izejvielu, kas piel\u0101gotas vienai sugai, ieg\u0101di var veikt vairum\u0101, kas parasti ir saist\u012bts ar zem\u0101k\u0101m cen\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Lauksaimnieki un profesion\u0101\u013ci ieg\u016bst ar\u012b \u013coti specializ\u0113tas zin\u0101\u0161anas par savu konkr\u0113to kult\u016bru, kas vi\u0146us padara lab\u0101k sagatavotus t\u0101du probl\u0113mu risin\u0101\u0161anai k\u0101 kait\u0113k\u013ci vai slim\u012bbas, jo vi\u0146i str\u0101d\u0101 konkr\u0113t\u0101 ni\u0161\u0101, kurai nav nepiecie\u0161amas pla\u0161\u0101kas zin\u0101\u0161anas par daudz\u0101m sug\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bras rad\u0101s, jo tika uzskat\u012bts, ka t\u0101s samazina izmaksas, racionaliz\u0113 ra\u017eo\u0161anu un palielina pe\u013c\u0146u, \u012bpa\u0161i p\u0113c s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 invest\u012bciju perioda, un no ekonomisk\u0101 viedok\u013ca tas joproj\u0101m attiecas uz daudz\u0101m darb\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Augsta atsauc\u012bba uz tehnolo\u0123iskaj\u0101m inov\u0101cij\u0101m<\/strong><\/p>\n

To pa\u0161u iemeslu d\u0113\u013c, k\u0101p\u0113c monokult\u016bras ir vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101k apsaimniekot, t\u0101s ir ar\u012b viegl\u0101k integr\u0113t ar tehniku un arvien modern\u0101k\u0101m tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m: vienk\u0101r\u0161i ir maz\u0101k main\u012bgo lielumu.<\/p>\n

Vienu kult\u016braugu sugu, kas tiek vienm\u0113r\u012bgi st\u0101d\u012bta vienlaikus, var m\u0113slot un nov\u0101kt vien\u0101 pieg\u0101jien\u0101 ar mehaniz\u0113t\u0101m flot\u0113m, kas sec\u012bgi p\u0101rvietojas pa katru rindu, bez nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas programm\u0113t, lai \u0146emtu v\u0113r\u0101 citas kult\u016bras, kas var atrasties da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101s vai kur\u0101m var b\u016bt at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas bar\u012bbas vielu vajadz\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Vienveid\u012bbu ir viegl\u0101k p\u0101rvald\u012bt un projekt\u0113t, un monokult\u016bru strauj\u0101 izaugsme 20. gadsimta beig\u0101s ir notikusi roku rok\u0101 ar straujo tehnolo\u0123isko att\u012bst\u012bbu lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bru tr\u016bkumi<\/h2>\n

P\u0113d\u0113jo desmitga\u017eu laik\u0101 l\u0113n\u0101m ir atkl\u0101ju\u0161ies monokult\u016bru galvenie tr\u016bkumi, jo vides izpratne un monitorings ir atspogu\u013cojis, cik liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 r\u016bpniecisk\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba ietekm\u0113 viet\u0113j\u0101s ekosist\u0113mas.<\/p>\n

\"Monokult\u016bru<\/p>\n

Neskatoties uz \u012bstermi\u0146a ieguvumiem, ko t\u0101 sniedz no ekonomisk\u0101 viedok\u013ca, no ilgtermi\u0146a un vides viedok\u013ca t\u0101 veicina:<\/p>\n

Me\u017eu izcir\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lai gan liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai lauksaimniec\u012bbas att\u012bst\u012bbas veidu ir nepiecie\u0161ama me\u017eu izcir\u0161ana, monokult\u016bras \u012bpa\u0161i pieprasa, lai lieli zemes gabali tiktu piln\u012bb\u0101 izcirsti un atbr\u012bvoti no augu daudzveid\u012bbas, lai var\u0113tu vienm\u0113r\u012bgi st\u0101d\u012bt vienu kult\u016braugu.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bru ekonomisk\u0101s priek\u0161roc\u012bbas parasti palielin\u0101s l\u012bdz ar apstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101s zemes plat\u012bbu, t\u0101p\u0113c t\u0101s parasti nep\u0101rtraukti aptver simtiem vai t\u016bksto\u0161iem akru, radot nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu p\u0113c me\u017eu izcir\u0161anas vairum\u0101 re\u0123ionu.<\/p>\n

Tas rada \u012bpa\u0161as ba\u017eas laik\u0101, kad vecie me\u017ei, kuros ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas ekosist\u0113mas, tiek strauji izn\u012bcin\u0101ti, lai atbr\u012bvotu vietu monokult\u016br\u0101m; piem\u0113ram, Borneo un Sumatr\u0101, kur senie lietus me\u017ei tiek strauji izcirsti, lai atbr\u012bvotu vietu e\u013c\u013cas palmu monokult\u016br\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Biolo\u0123isk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0113c savas b\u016bt\u012bbas monokult\u016bras ir pretstats daudzveid\u012bbai. Viena suga tiek audz\u0113ta pla\u0161\u0101 plat\u012bb\u0101, da\u017ereiz t\u016bksto\u0161iem akru, un pestic\u012bdi tiek izmantoti, lai izskaustu nez\u0101\u013cu vai jebkuru citu sugu aug\u0161anu, kas apdraud ra\u017eo\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Tas rada ac\u012bmredzamu biolo\u0123isk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas tr\u016bkumu, kas savuk\u0101rt var izrais\u012bt bar\u012bbas \u0137\u0113des un ekosist\u0113mas sabrukumu viet\u0113j\u0101m floras un faunas sug\u0101m. Daudzu galveno sugu izzu\u0161ana ir saist\u012bta ar monokult\u016bru ekspansiju, kam savuk\u0101rt ir t\u0101 saukt\u0101 "trofisk\u0101 kask\u0101de" un kas izraisa daudzu viet\u0113jo, savva\u013cas sugu apdraud\u0113jumu vai piln\u012bgu izmir\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Atsaucoties uz iepriek\u0161 min\u0113to piem\u0113ru, ekspans\u012bv\u0101s e\u013c\u013cas palmu monokult\u016bras ir izrais\u012bju\u0161as dz\u012bvot\u0146u zudumu un sekojo\u0161u daudzu viet\u0113jo sugu, piem\u0113ram, orangut\u0101nu, apdraud\u0113jumu.<\/p>\n

Apputeksn\u0113t\u0101ju skaita samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Glifos\u0101ta, un jo \u012bpa\u0161i neonikotino\u012bdu, pestic\u012bdu lieto\u0161ana pla\u0161\u0101s plat\u012bb\u0101s ir saist\u012bta ar milz\u012bgu bi\u0161u popul\u0101ciju samazin\u0101\u0161anos vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

Kolonijas sabruk\u0161anas sindroms (CCD) ir tendence kop\u0161 21. gadsimta s\u0101kuma, un ir arvien vair\u0101k pier\u0101d\u012bjumu, ka pla\u0161a pestic\u012bdu lieto\u0161ana sp\u0113l\u0113 galveno lomu. \u0160\u0101da veida pestic\u012bdus parasti izmanto liela m\u0113roga monokult\u016br\u0101s, \u012bpa\u0161i kukur\u016bzai.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du tas nav vien\u012bgais faktors, daudzveid\u012bbas tr\u016bkums rada maz\u0101ku main\u012bgumu izdz\u012bvoju\u0161o bi\u0161u uztur\u0101, un t\u0101m galu gal\u0101 tr\u016bkst vesel\u012bgo bakt\u0113riju, kas nodro\u0161ina barojo\u0161u un ilgsto\u0161u bar\u012bbas avotu to kolonij\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Pies\u0101r\u0146ojums<\/strong><\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bru apsaimnieko\u0161ana liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ir atkar\u012bga no bie\u017eas sint\u0113tisko \u0137imik\u0101liju, piem\u0113ram, pestic\u012bdu un m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu, lieto\u0161anas liel\u0101s plat\u012bb\u0101s, lai kontrol\u0113tu nez\u0101les un kait\u0113k\u013cus un veicin\u0101tu kult\u016braugu aug\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Lai gan daudzas no \u0161\u012bm sint\u0113tiskaj\u0101m izejviel\u0101m tiek uzskat\u012btas par nepiecie\u0161am\u0101m noteiktu kult\u016braugu pla\u0161ai ra\u017eo\u0161anai, to izmanto\u0161anas apjomi un sekojo\u0161ais viet\u0113jo \u016bdens\u0161\u0137irt\u0146u pies\u0101r\u0146ojums ar noteci rada nopietnas sekas.<\/p>\n

M\u0113slojuma notece ir tie\u0161i saist\u012bta ar a\u013c\u0123u zied\u0113\u0161anas att\u012bst\u012bbu un sekojo\u0161u hipoksisku miru\u0161o zonu veido\u0161anos, kas atst\u0101j \u016bdens teritorijas bez j\u016bras dz\u012bv\u012bbas. Papildus grunts\u016bde\u0146iem un \u016bdens\u0161\u0137irt\u0146u sist\u0113m\u0101m gaisa pies\u0101r\u0146ojums ar met\u0101na, sl\u0101pek\u013ca oks\u012bda un oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda emisij\u0101m ir ar\u012b b\u016btiskas probl\u0113mas liela m\u0113roga monokult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101, \u012bpa\u0161i liellopu audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

Uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bba pret kait\u0113k\u013ciem un to imunit\u0101te<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekologu vid\u016b ir pla\u0161i zin\u0101ms, ka daudzveid\u012bba veicina notur\u012bbu, pateicoties vair\u0101kiem \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013ciem un atgriezenisk\u0101s saites cilp\u0101m, kas dabiski ierobe\u017eo kait\u0113jumu, ko viens kait\u0113klis vai slim\u012bbas patog\u0113ns var nodar\u012bt daudzveid\u012bgai popul\u0101cijai.<\/p>\n

Sugu daudzveid\u012bbas tr\u016bkums monokult\u016br\u0101s t\u0101s sav\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 ir padar\u012bjis par saimniekorganismiem rakstur\u012bgu kait\u0113k\u013cu un slim\u012bbu post\u012bjumiem, kam p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i ir neskait\u0101mi hekt\u0101ri nep\u0101rtrauktas bar\u012bbas un vairo\u0161an\u0101s vietas bez dabiskas kontroles.<\/p>\n

Tas rada v\u0113l liel\u0101kas ba\u017eas monokult\u016br\u0101s, kas praktiz\u0113 monokult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161anu un galu gal\u0101 atbalsta vair\u0101kas viena un t\u0101 pa\u0161a kukai\u0146u kait\u0113k\u013ca paaudzes vien\u0101 apgabal\u0101 ar posto\u0161\u0101m sek\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Past\u0101v\u012bg\u0101 pestic\u012bdu izsmidzin\u0101\u0161ana faktiski ir palielin\u0101jusi daudzu kait\u0113k\u013cu sugu agresivit\u0101ti, kas ir piel\u0101goju\u0161\u0101s \u0161iem faktoriem un k\u013cuvu\u0161as iztur\u012bgas pret tiem, pasliktinot s\u0101kotn\u0113jo situ\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Augsnes sabl\u012bv\u0113\u0161an\u0101s un erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lauksaimniec\u012bbas automatiz\u0101cija un lielu, smago ma\u0161\u012bnu p\u0101rsvar\u0101 izmanto\u0161ana monokult\u016bru apsaimnieko\u0161an\u0101 ir rad\u012bjusi pla\u0161u augsnes sabl\u012bv\u0113\u0161anos.<\/p>\n

Augsnes mikrobu daudzveid\u012bbas un augsnes strukt\u016bras zudums ir saist\u012bts ar\u012b ar monokultur\u0101l\u0101m sist\u0113m\u0101m, kur viena augu suga barojas ar sav\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161aj\u0101m bar\u012bbas vielu un miner\u0101lvielu v\u0113lm\u0113m, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 augsn\u0113 tr\u016bkst noteiktu bar\u012bbas vielu, un nav iesp\u0113jas t\u0101s atjaunot ar daudzveid\u012bgiem st\u0101d\u012bjumiem.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bgi, vienas sugas st\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana liel\u0101 plat\u012bb\u0101 rada daudz nestabil\u0101ku sak\u0146u strukt\u016bru, jo augsnei ir tikai viena veida sak\u0146u sist\u0113ma, kas nostiprina augsni, un t\u0101 laika gait\u0101 k\u013c\u016bst uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bg\u0101ka pret eroziju un augsnes virsk\u0101rtas zudumu.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bras ar\u012b nov\u0101c visu ra\u017eu noteikt\u0101 laika posm\u0101, atst\u0101jot milz\u012bgas kailas augsnes plat\u012bbas pak\u013cautas dabas elementiem da\u017ereiz visu ziemu (ja netiek veikta seguma kult\u016braugu audz\u0113\u0161ana), k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 rodas augsts erozijas l\u012bmenis un galu gal\u0101 p\u0101rtuksne\u0161o\u0161an\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Zemes augl\u012bbas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s un iztikas nestabilit\u0101te<\/strong><\/p>\n

Visi iepriek\u0161 min\u0113tie tr\u016bkumi kop\u0101 jau ir novedu\u0161i pie t\u0101, ka daudzi lauksaimnieki, kas audz\u0113 komerci\u0101las monokult\u016bras, piedz\u012bvo ra\u017eas samazin\u0101\u0161anos, jo vi\u0146u prakse ir p\u0101rsniegusi maksim\u0101lo ra\u017eo\u0161anas apjomu un tagad vi\u0146i saimnieko arvien vair\u0101k p\u0101rtuksne\u0161ot\u0101s un erod\u0113t\u0101s zem\u0113s.<\/p>\n

Kop\u0113j\u0101 augsnes augl\u012bbas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s un kait\u0113k\u013cu un nez\u0101\u013cu imunit\u0101tes pieaugums pret glifos\u0101ta pestic\u012bdiem noz\u012bm\u0113 neizb\u0113gamu pagrieziena punktu, kad tradicion\u0101lais r\u016bpniecisko monokult\u016bru modelis vairs nav dz\u012bvotsp\u0113j\u012bga lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnika.<\/p>\n

Diem\u017e\u0113l tas noved pie nesam\u0113r\u012bgi liela riska, ko uz\u0146emas lauksaimnieki un lauksaimniec\u012bbas apsaimniekot\u0101ji, jo vi\u0146u iztika k\u013c\u016bst arvien nestabil\u0101ka, samazinoties augsnes augl\u012bbai un ra\u017eas zudumiem.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bru lauksaimnieki ar\u012b visu gatavo vien\u0101 groz\u0101 un ir atkar\u012bgi no vienas konkr\u0113tas sugas pan\u0101kumiem, padarot vi\u0146us \u013coti neaizsarg\u0101tus pret visas ra\u017eas un ie\u0146\u0113mumu zaud\u0113\u0161anu vienas sezonas laik\u0101 konkr\u0113ta kait\u0113k\u013ca, slim\u012bbas vai laikapst\u0101k\u013cu d\u0113\u013c.<\/p>\n

Monokultur\u0101lu sist\u0113mu nelabv\u0113l\u012bg\u0101s ietekmes mazin\u0101\u0161ana<\/h2>\n

Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba sp\u0113j mazin\u0101t un samazin\u0101t da\u017eas no monokultur\u0101lo sist\u0113mu kait\u012bg\u0101kaj\u0101m sek\u0101m, izmantojot uz datiem balst\u012btas sist\u0113mas, kas var prec\u012bzi noteikt vajadz\u012bbas un samazin\u0101t viet\u0113j\u0101s vides iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u0113\u0161anu un pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu.<\/p>\n

Lai gan daudzi lauksaimnieki un lauksaimniec\u012bbas uz\u0146\u0113mumi v\u0113las p\u0101riet uz polikult\u016bras sist\u0113m\u0101m, atliku\u0161\u0101s monokult\u016bras var uzlabot, izmantojot da\u017eas no \u0161\u012bm strat\u0113\u0123ij\u0101m:<\/p>\n

Main\u012bgas devas lieto\u0161ana un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana (VRA un VRI)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ar liela m\u0113roga monokult\u016br\u0101m saist\u012bto augsnes sabl\u012bv\u0113\u0161anos un pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu var samazin\u0101t, integr\u0113jot main\u012bgas devas lietojumprogrammas, kas nov\u0113r\u0161 nevajadz\u012bgu izejvielu lieto\u0161anu un l\u012bdz ar to nevajadz\u012bgu traktoru ar smidzin\u0101\u0161anas apr\u012bkojumu p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos pa laukiem.<\/p>\n

Piel\u0101gots VRA kartes<\/a> apl\u016bkot \u0123eotelpiskos datus, lai analiz\u0113tu, kur\u0101m konkr\u0113t\u0101m teritorij\u0101m ir nepiecie\u0161ami ievaddati un k\u0101dos daudzumos, izvairoties no tradicion\u0101l\u0101s iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u012bg\u0101s pieejas, kad viena un t\u0101 pati ievaddati tiek izplat\u012bti vis\u0101 teritorij\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs kartes var aug\u0161upiel\u0101d\u0113t ma\u0161\u012bn\u0101s un traktoros, kas sp\u0113j veikt \u013coti prec\u012bzu ievades datu pielieto\u0161anu tikai tur, kur tie nepiecie\u0161ami, izvairoties no \u201cmiru\u0161aj\u0101m\u201d zon\u0101m un \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 ainavas topogr\u0101fiju un dren\u0101\u017eu.<\/p>\n

Augmai\u0146a<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0101 jau iepriek\u0161 min\u0113ts \u0161aj\u0101 rakst\u0101, monokult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161ana ir atsevi\u0161\u0137a prakse, kas bie\u017ei tiek saist\u012bta ar monokult\u016br\u0101m, kur kult\u016braugi netiek st\u0101d\u012bti p\u0113c k\u0101rtas gadu no gada. Audz\u0113jot monokult\u016bru, daudzi tr\u016bkumi saasin\u0101s, un jo \u012bpa\u0161i augsnes kvalit\u0101te un kop\u0113j\u0101 zemes augl\u012bba iev\u0113rojami pasliktin\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Monokult\u016bras, kas tiek main\u012btas katru sezonu, lai veicin\u0101tu mikrobu un bar\u012bbas vielu daudzveid\u012bbu augsn\u0113 un p\u0101rtrauktu kait\u0113k\u013cu paaud\u017eu vairo\u0161an\u0101s ciklus, ir vislab\u0101k\u0101s gan lauksaimniekiem, gan zemei, un kopum\u0101 ilgtermi\u0146\u0101 ir ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bg\u0101kas.<\/p>\n

Integr\u0113ta kait\u0113k\u013cu apkaro\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Integr\u0113t\u0101 kait\u0113k\u013cu apkaro\u0161ana jeb IPM ir piedz\u012bvojusi strauju att\u012bst\u012bbu lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123iju nozar\u0113, un vair\u0101ki jaunuz\u0146\u0113mumi un uz\u0146\u0113mumi v\u0113las atteikties no glifos\u0101ta pestic\u012bdiem un p\u0101riet uz alternat\u012bviem produktiem, piem\u0113ram, biolo\u0123iski racion\u0101liem pestic\u012bdiem.<\/p>\n

Bioracion\u0101li produkti, piem\u0113ram, Bt pestic\u012bdi, nav \u0137\u012bmiski, bet gan izmanto dz\u012bvus biolo\u0123iskos kontroles l\u012bdzek\u013cus, piem\u0113ram, mikrobu Bt, lai izn\u012bcin\u0101tu kait\u0113k\u013cu k\u0101purus, neradot t\u0101du pa\u0161u destrukt\u012bvu ietekmi uz augsnes biolo\u0123isko daudzveid\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Bt pestic\u012bdi ir tikai viens no daudzajiem biolo\u0123iski racion\u0101liem produktiem, kas izmanto dabiski sastopamas bakt\u0113rijas un s\u0113n\u012btes, un ir ar\u012b citi uz\u0146\u0113mumi, kas feromonu apkaro\u0161an\u0101 izv\u0113las citu virzienu. Kait\u0113k\u013cu feromonu manipul\u0101cija un izsmidzin\u0101\u0161ana trauc\u0113 da\u017e\u0101du kait\u0113k\u013cu reprodukt\u012bvo ciklu, ietekm\u0113jot to vairo\u0161an\u0101s mode\u013cus sugai specifisk\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b.<\/p>\n

Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka \u0161\u012bs intervences ietekm\u0113 tikai interes\u0113jo\u0161o kait\u0113kli un atst\u0101j p\u0101r\u0113jo ekosist\u0113mu relat\u012bvi neietekm\u0113tu. Integr\u0113t\u0101s augu aizsardz\u012bbas strat\u0113\u0123iju un tehnolo\u0123iju izmanto\u0161ana monokult\u016bru m\u0113rog\u0101 var mazin\u0101t da\u013cu no \u0161\u012bs prakses kait\u012bg\u0101s ietekmes uz pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu, apputeksn\u0113t\u0101jiem un augsnes daudzveid\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Ar atjaunojamo ener\u0123iju darbin\u0101mas ma\u0161\u012bnas un iek\u0101rtas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elektrotransportl\u012bdzek\u013cu un atjaunojam\u0101s ener\u0123ijas izmanto\u0161ana monokult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 ir svar\u012bga, lai garant\u0113tu to ilgm\u016b\u017e\u012bbu lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101, jo gandr\u012bz katra pasaules nozare att\u0101lin\u0101s no atkar\u012bbas no fosil\u0101 kurin\u0101m\u0101.<\/p>\n

Dronu un \u013coti efekt\u012bvu izsmidzin\u0101\u0161anas iek\u0101rtu izmanto\u0161ana kop\u0101 ar viedier\u012bc\u0113m un ma\u0161\u012bn\u0101m var samazin\u0101t pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu un ma\u0161\u012bnu p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos tikai tur un tad, kad tas nepiecie\u0161ams.<\/p>\n

Palielin\u0101t robe\u017eas un telpas savva\u013cas dz\u012bvnieku un biolo\u0123isk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas koridoriem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kop\u0113jais darb\u012bbas apjoma samazin\u0101jums vai vismaz vair\u0101ku malu un koridoru izveide monokult\u016br\u0101s var b\u016bt ar\u012b galvenais, lai t\u0101s padar\u012btu maz\u0101k kait\u012bgas viet\u0113jai biolo\u0123iskajai daudzveid\u012bbai un me\u017eiem.<\/p>\n

Daudzas floras un faunas sugas izmanto da\u017e\u0101du zemes veidu malas un robe\u017eas \u0113nai, da\u017e\u0101diem bar\u012bbas avotiem vai k\u0101 p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101s l\u012bdzekli ainav\u0101.<\/p>\n

Me\u017eainie savva\u013cas dz\u012bvnieku koridori caur liel\u0101m monokult\u016br\u0101m var\u0113tu iev\u0113rojami uzlabot viet\u0113jo sugu saglab\u0101\u0161anas centienus, dodot t\u0101m ce\u013cu p\u0101rvietoties pa laukiem, neesot pak\u013caut\u0101m iedarb\u012bbai, un me\u017eu plat\u012bbas rada apk\u0101rt\u0113j\u0101s ainavas neto dzes\u0113\u0161anas efektu.<\/p>\n

Sega apgrie\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Segs\u0113klu audz\u0113\u0161ana ir tradicion\u0101la augsnes strukt\u016bras saglab\u0101\u0161anas un augsnes erozijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas metode visas ziemas garum\u0101, ko komerci\u0101l\u0101s, rietumu sist\u0113m\u0101s parasti neizmanto.<\/p>\n

Lucerna, \u0101boli\u0146\u0161 un da\u017e\u0101di p\u0101k\u0161augi ir iecien\u012btas segkult\u016bras, kuras var s\u0113t ruden\u012b pirms pirmaj\u0101m saln\u0101m un p\u0113c tam pavasar\u012b izmantot k\u0101 za\u013cm\u0113slojumu, pievienojot augsnei bag\u0101t\u012bgas organisk\u0101s vielas p\u0113c t\u0101s atku\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

Segs\u0113k\u013cu audz\u0113\u0161anu monokult\u016br\u0101s var viegli ieviest, izmantojot gandr\u012bz t\u0101du pa\u0161u apr\u012bkojumu, un t\u0101 nodro\u0161ina aizsardz\u012bbu, izol\u0101ciju un organisk\u0101s vielas jau t\u0101 trausl\u0101m augsnes sist\u0113m\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113mu n\u0101kotne: polikult\u016bras<\/h2>\n

Ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgas lauksaimniec\u012bbas n\u0101kotne ir visp\u0101r\u0113ja virz\u012bba prom no tradicion\u0101li intens\u012bv\u0101m monokult\u016br\u0101m uz daudzveid\u012bg\u0101k\u0101m un notur\u012bg\u0101k\u0101m polikult\u016bru sist\u0113m\u0101m.<\/p>\n

\"Lauksaimniec\u012bbas<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du atliku\u0161aj\u0101m monokult\u016br\u0101m vai t\u0101m selekt\u012bvaj\u0101m monokult\u016br\u0101m, kas ir pier\u0101d\u012bju\u0161as savu sp\u0113ju ra\u017eot augst\u0101ku graudu un citu l\u012bdz\u012bgu kult\u016bru ra\u017eu, ir svar\u012bgi ieviest segkult\u016bras, augseku, augsnes veido\u0161anu un t\u016bksto\u0161iem akru plat\u012bbu sadal\u012b\u0161anu zemes gabalos ar me\u017eainiem koridoriem.<\/p>\n

Daudzas lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123ijas (AgTech) paties\u012bb\u0101 ir izstr\u0101d\u0101tas t\u0101, lai t\u0101s \u013coti labi darbotos gan polikult\u016bru, gan monokult\u016bru vid\u0113, piem\u0113ram, VRA un VRI tehnolo\u0123ijas, kas ir izstr\u0101d\u0101tas da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m vajadz\u012bb\u0101m un specifikai.<\/p>\n

Polikultur\u0101l\u0101s ainavas, kas ietver agrome\u017esaimniec\u012bbu un viet\u0113jos augus, m\u016bsdien\u0101s, pateicoties progres\u012bvai kart\u0113\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123ijai, ir lab\u0101k piem\u0113rotas lielu p\u0101rtikas daudzumu audz\u0113\u0161anai nek\u0101 agr\u0101k, un t\u0101s ar\u012b da\u017e\u0101do ien\u0101kumu pl\u016bsmas un rada \u0101rk\u0101rtas r\u012bc\u012bbas pl\u0101nus lauksaimniekiem, kas iepriek\u0161 bija atkar\u012bgi no vienas kult\u016brauga.<\/p>\n

Atbilsto\u0161u tehnolo\u0123iju pieejam\u012bba ir vissvar\u012bg\u0101kais solis uz priek\u0161u, un ieguld\u012bjumi j\u0101novirza ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu risin\u0101jumu rad\u012b\u0161an\u0101, kas \u012bpa\u0161i paredz\u0113ti videi un lauksaimnieku vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, lai izvair\u012btos no t\u0101du pa\u0161u k\u013c\u016bdu atk\u0101rto\u0161anas, kas pie\u013cautas iepriek\u0161.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u016bsdien\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas aprind\u0101s notiek daudz diskusiju par monokultur\u0101lu lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113mu priek\u0161roc\u012bb\u0101m un tr\u016bkumiem. T\u0101s galvenok\u0101rt ir v\u0113rstas uz to, k\u0101\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":2412,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","_crdt_document":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1380],"tags":[1663],"class_list":["post-2406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","tag-farming"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is monoculture\u2754<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Do you know what are the advantages and disadvantages of a monoculture? 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