{"id":2296,"date":"2021-12-20T06:27:48","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T05:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=2296"},"modified":"2023-08-11T17:31:04","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T15:31:04","slug":"ka-tikt-gala-ar-udens-eroziju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/how-to-deal-with-water-erosion\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0101 nov\u0113rst \u016bdens eroziju?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Erozija ir dabas sp\u0113ku iedarb\u012bbas uz augsni un citiem zemes materi\u0101liem rezult\u0101ts. Augsnes da\u013ci\u0146u p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos \u016bdens sp\u0113ka ietekm\u0113, kam seko to p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101s prom no s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s vietas, var saukt par \u016bdens eroziju.<\/p>\n

Tam ir b\u016btiska loma augsnes virsk\u0101rtas zudum\u0101, kas ir jebkuras augsnes ekosist\u0113mas svar\u012bg\u0101kie aug\u0161\u0113jie centimetri un satur galveno augsnes bar\u012bbas vielu un mikrobu daudzveid\u012bbu. Past\u0101v vair\u0101kas augsnes formas, kas da\u017e\u0101dos veidos maina zemi.<\/p>\n

Lai gan visas plan\u0113tas vietas ir pak\u013cautas \u016bdens erozijai, re\u0123ioni ar sl\u012bpu topogr\u0101fiju parasti ir vair\u0101k skarti nek\u0101 re\u0123ioni ar l\u012bdzen\u0101k\u0101m ainav\u0101m. Starp neaizsarg\u0101taj\u0101m teritorij\u0101m ir t\u0101s, kur\u0101s ir zem\u0101ks organisko vielu saturs augsn\u0113, necaurlaid\u012bgi augsnes sl\u0101\u0146i, k\u0101 ar\u012b d\u016b\u0146ainas augsnes.<\/p>\n

Kas ir \u016bdens erozija?<\/h2>\n

\u016adens erozija ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts process ar daudz\u0101m da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m form\u0101m, ta\u010du to var apkopot k\u0101 augsnes atdal\u012b\u0161anu vai p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos no t\u0101s s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s atra\u0161an\u0101s vietas \u016bdens ietekm\u0113. Tas rodas nokri\u0161\u0146u, izkusu\u0161a sniega, teko\u0161u upju, led\u0101ju kust\u012bbas vai sasal\u0161anas\/atku\u0161anas ciklu rezult\u0101t\u0101.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 \u016bdens izrais\u012bt\u0101 erozija, ja t\u0101 netiks risin\u0101ta, laika gait\u0101 l\u0113n\u0101m izn\u012bcin\u0101s ainavas un var b\u016bt \u013coti b\u012bstama tiem, kuru iztika ir atkar\u012bga no zemes, piem\u0113ram, lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemju un ekolo\u0123isko ainavu, neskart\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Bie\u017ei sastopamas da\u017e\u0101das \u016bdens erozijas formas ir strautu erozija, gravu erozija, \u0161\u013cakatu efekta erozija, sl\u0101nek\u013ca pl\u016bsmas erozija un tunel\u0113\u0161anas erozija, un katra no t\u0101m tiks apl\u016bkota s\u012bk\u0101k turpm\u0101k.<\/p>\n

Kas izraisa \u016bdens eroziju?<\/h2>\n

T\u0101pat k\u0101 daudzas vides par\u0101d\u012bbas, past\u0101v gan dabiskas, gan saasin\u0101tas erozijas formas, no kur\u0101m p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s ir tie\u0161s vai netie\u0161s m\u016bsu darb\u012bbu rezult\u0101ts. Piem\u0113ram, simtiem gadu notieko\u0161\u0101 krastu erozija no teko\u0161aj\u0101m up\u0113m ir dabiska \u016bdens erozijas forma, kas var\u0113tu rasties ar cilv\u0113ka iejauk\u0161anos vai bez t\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Turpret\u012b \u016bdens erozija, ko pastiprin\u0101jusi vai rad\u012bjusi m\u016bsu darb\u012bba, var ietvert jebko, s\u0101kot no pl\u016bdiem un to izrais\u012bt\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemju degrad\u0101cijas, ko izrais\u012bjusi nepareiza ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana, l\u012bdz pat pa\u0101trin\u0101tai led\u0101ju ku\u0161anai, ko izrais\u012bjis cilv\u0113ku rad\u012bt\u0101 pies\u0101r\u0146ojuma izrais\u012btais siltumn\u012bcas efekts.<\/p>\n

\u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 sare\u017e\u0123\u012bto mijiedarb\u012bbu, kas past\u0101v skartaj\u0101s ekolo\u0123iskaj\u0101s un fiziskaj\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s, var b\u016bt gr\u016bti prec\u012bzi noteikt \u016bdens erozijas c\u0113loni, ta\u010du ir skaidrs, ka m\u016bsu aktivit\u0101te kopum\u0101 ir palielin\u0101jusies, \u012bpa\u0161i pasaules galvenajos lauksaimniec\u012bbas re\u0123ionos.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r galveno \u016bdens erozijas iemeslu lauksaimniec\u012bbas zem\u0113s var attiecin\u0101t uz vair\u0101k\u0101m t\u012b\u0161\u0101m vai net\u012b\u0161\u0101m darb\u012bb\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, nepareizu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu, nepiem\u0113rotu m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu kvalit\u0101ti un daudzumu, p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu vai nepietiekamu \u016bdens pieejam\u012bbu, kait\u012bgu audz\u0113\u0161anas praksi utt.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 lieluma noteik\u0161anu ietekm\u0113 \u0161\u0101di faktori:<\/p>\n

1. Nokri\u0161\u0146u raksturojums:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nokri\u0161\u0146us var uzskat\u012bt par galveno \u016bdens erozijas c\u0113loni, jo liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca \u016bdens cirkul\u0113 k\u0101 nokri\u0161\u0146i \u016bdens cikl\u0101. Turkl\u0101t to liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ietekm\u0113 nokri\u0161\u0146u intensit\u0101te, daudzums un sezon\u0101lais nokri\u0161\u0146u sadal\u012bjums.<\/p>\n

Ir ac\u012bmredzams, ka jo liel\u0101ka ir nokri\u0161\u0146u intensit\u0101te un daudzums, jo liel\u0101ka ir to stipruma iesp\u0113jam\u012bba. Ar\u012b nokri\u0161\u0146u sezon\u0101lajam sadal\u012bjumam ir liela noz\u012bme, \u012bpa\u0161i m\u016bsdienu main\u012bgaj\u0101 klimat\u0101, jo neregul\u0101ri nokri\u0161\u0146i arvien vair\u0101k ir probl\u0113ma lietus apg\u0101des lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101s vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

2. Sateces baseina raksturojums:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sateces baseins ir zemes plat\u012bba, kurai ir kop\u012bga pl\u016bsto\u0161\u0101 \u016bdens izteka. T\u0101 ra\u0161an\u0101s sateces basein\u0101 liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ir atkar\u012bga no vair\u0101k\u0101m sateces baseina \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, sateces baseina lieluma, formas un sl\u012bpuma, k\u0101 ar\u012b no prec\u012bzi defin\u0113ta \u016bdens kan\u0101la esam\u012bbas vai neesam\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 jau min\u0113ts iepriek\u0161, apgabal\u0101 ar liel\u0101ku sl\u012bpumu ir liel\u0101ka \u016bdens erozijas iesp\u0113jam\u012bba, jo \u016bdens ietekmi pastiprina gravit\u0101cijas sp\u0113ks. Labi dren\u0113tai sateces baseinam ir maz\u0101ka \u016bdens erozijas iesp\u0113jam\u012bba nek\u0101 t\u0101dam, kur\u0101 nav \u016bdens kan\u0101lu.<\/p>\n

3. Augsnes raksturojums:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Augsne da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s viet\u0101s at\u0161\u0137iras, un katrs augsnes tips at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi rea\u0123\u0113 uz erod\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 \u016bdens ietekmi. Augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, kas to ietekm\u0113, ir fizik\u0101l\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas (tekst\u016bra, strukt\u016bra, porain\u012bba un bl\u012bvums), \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas (pH, katjonu apmai\u0146as sp\u0113ja, bar\u012bbas vielu saturs) un biolo\u0123isk\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas (ve\u0123et\u0101cijas, mikroorganismu un augsnes faunas kl\u0101tb\u016btne vai neesam\u012bba).<\/p>\n

4. Atmosf\u0113ras raksturojums:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ar\u012b re\u0123iona klimatiskajiem un laikapst\u0101k\u013ciem ir b\u016btiska ietekme uz eroziju caur \u016bdeni. Laikapst\u0101k\u013ci var ietekm\u0113t gan hidrolo\u0123isko ciklu, gan ve\u0123et\u0101cijas biolo\u0123isko ciklu, kas savuk\u0101rt ietekm\u0113 to.<\/p>\n

\u016adens erozijas veidi<\/h2>\n

Past\u0101v pieci galvenie \u016bdens erozijas veidi, kas visi rodas atsevi\u0161\u0137u apst\u0101k\u013cu vai laikapst\u0101k\u013cu ietekm\u0113, un daudzi no tiem ir savstarp\u0113ji saist\u012bti. Da\u017ei ir smag\u0101ki par citiem, piem\u0113ram, gravu un tune\u013cu erozija, un tie visi ir dabiskas par\u0101d\u012bbas, ko esam nov\u0113roju\u0161i cilv\u0113ka darb\u012bbas pastiprin\u0101jum\u0101, \u012bpa\u0161i lauksaimniec\u012bbas teritorij\u0101s.<\/p>\n

\"\u016adens<\/p>\n

1. \u0160\u013cakatu erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160\u013cakatu erozija rodas, lietus l\u0101s\u0113m ietriecoties jut\u012bg\u0101 augsnes virsk\u0101rt\u0101, radot nelielu kr\u0101teri, kas laika gait\u0101 var papla\u0161in\u0101ties. Parasti atsevi\u0161\u0137as vai mazas augsnes da\u013ci\u0146as tiek atdal\u012btas no galven\u0101s augsnes strukt\u016bras.<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tniskais skaidrojums lietus pilienu \u0161\u013cakatu efektam ir t\u0101ds, ka kust\u012bgam (kr\u012bto\u0161am) \u0137ermenim piem\u012bt kin\u0113tisk\u0101 ener\u0123ija, un trieciena gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u0161\u012b ener\u0123ija tiek nodota augsnes da\u013ci\u0146\u0101m, kas atdal\u0101s no zemes.<\/p>\n

Lai gan atsevi\u0161\u0137ie notikumi ir maz\u0101k ietekm\u012bgi nek\u0101 citi \u0161aj\u0101 sarakst\u0101 iek\u013cautie \u016bdens erozijas veidi, tie\u0161i neskait\u0101mo lietus pilienu kop\u0113j\u0101 ietekme padara \u0161o efektu noz\u012bm\u012bgu. \u012apa\u0161i \u0161\u013cakatu erozija rada ba\u017eas apgabalos, kur piln\u012bb\u0101 nav ve\u0123et\u0101cijas.<\/p>\n

\"Loksnes<\/p>\n

2. Loksnes erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u0101\u0146a erozija ir augsnes erozija pl\u0101nos sl\u0101\u0146os, ko izraisa liekais \u016bdens, kas pl\u016bst k\u0101 sl\u0101\u0146i virs augsnes. Kad nokri\u0161\u0146u vai \u016bdens daudzums uz sauszemes p\u0101rsniedz zemes sp\u0113ju absorb\u0113t \u016bdeni, \u016bdens nevar ies\u016bkties zem\u0113 un, pl\u016bstot lejup pa nog\u0101zi, tas sev l\u012bdzi nes pl\u0101nu augsnes sl\u0101ni.<\/p>\n

Augsnes eroziju var defin\u0113t k\u0101 \u016bdens p\u0101rpl\u016bdi virs zemes vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101 sl\u0101n\u012b un uz aug\u0161\u0113j\u0101 sl\u0101\u0146a eso\u0161o mazo un vieglo da\u013ci\u0146u eroziju. Augsnes erozija ir saist\u012bta ar gravu veido\u0161anos, kur sp\u0113c\u012bgais lietus p\u0101rsniedz augsnes sp\u0113ju absorb\u0113t \u016bdeni.<\/p>\n

Kaln\u0101 vai sl\u012bp\u0101 ainav\u0101 tas var izrais\u012bt augsnes da\u013ci\u0146u uzkr\u0101\u0161anos uzkalni\u0146\u0101 nog\u0101zes apak\u0161\u0101, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di pat izraisot strauta veido\u0161anos virsmas sl\u0101n\u012b.<\/p>\n

\"Rilla<\/p>\n

3. Upju erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u0101pat k\u0101 sl\u0101\u0146os veidojas erozija ar gravu eroziju, ar\u012b gravu erozija, ja to nerisina, galu gal\u0101 noved pie gravu erozijas. Gravu var defin\u0113t k\u0101 seklu kan\u0101lu, kas izveidojies \u016bdens erozijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 un kura platums vai dzi\u013cums parasti nep\u0101rsniedz 30\u201350 cm.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 ir \u016bdens pl\u016bsmu veicino\u0161u kan\u0101lu att\u012bst\u012bbas s\u0101kums, kas laika gait\u0101 palielin\u0101s dzi\u013cum\u0101 un platum\u0101, jo tas arvien vair\u0101k erod\u0113. augsnes materi\u0101li<\/a> un nes to lejup pa straumi pa strautiem.<\/p>\n

Tie parasti sastopami kalnainos vai sl\u012bpos apgabalos, k\u0101 ar\u012b apgabalos, kur augsne ir kaila un neaizsarg\u0101ta pret eroziju, piem\u0113ram, atme\u017eot\u0101s teritorij\u0101s vai komerci\u0101l\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas zem\u0113s.<\/p>\n

\"\u016bdens<\/p>\n

4. Gravu erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gravu erozija ir progres\u0113jo\u0161a \u016bdens erozijas veids, kas rodas, veidojoties straut\u0113m, kas padzi\u013cin\u0101s, l\u012bdz t\u0101s pak\u0101peniski k\u013c\u016bst par dzi\u013c\u0101m un plat\u0101m tran\u0161ej\u0101m, kuras ir daudz gr\u016bt\u0101k salabot un lauksaimniec\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u013coti nepraktiskas tehnikai.<\/p>\n

Caur grav\u0101m pl\u016bsto\u0161ais \u016bdens bie\u017ei vien ir slikt\u0101kas kvalit\u0101tes, jo taj\u0101 ir augsta nogulumu un augsnes da\u013ci\u0146u koncentr\u0101cija, kas turpina erod\u0113t ainavu.<\/p>\n

Gravas rada nopietnas ba\u017eas gan lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemes produktivit\u0101tes, gan jebkura cita zemes izmanto\u0161anas veida zi\u0146\u0101, jo to atjauno\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ams vair\u0101k laika un p\u016b\u013cu, un, ja t\u0101s netiek pareizi izlabotas un tiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ti labv\u0113l\u012bgi apst\u0101k\u013ci, t\u0101s var turpin\u0101t augt l\u012bdz vietai, kur visa zeme ir j\u0101padara nelietojama.<\/p>\n

Apgabalos, kur ir sastopamas att\u012bst\u012btas gravas, nogulumu iekrau\u0161ana lejteces up\u0113s ir ar\u012b nopietna probl\u0113ma.<\/p>\n

\"C\u012b\u0146a<\/p>\n

5. Tune\u013ca erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tune\u013ca erozija ir unik\u0101ls pazemes \u016bdens erozijas veids, ko parasti izraisa \u016bdens iek\u013c\u016b\u0161ana dob\u0101 pazemes zon\u0101, kas p\u0113c tam p\u0101rvieto augsnes da\u013ci\u0146as prom no to s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s atra\u0161an\u0101s vietas zem augsnes virsmas, veidojot tune\u013cus.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0101da veida erozija ir \u013coti b\u012bstama, jo t\u0101 k\u0101du laiku var neb\u016bt redzama, bet rada nestabilas ainavas, kur\u0101m ir tendence sabrukt. Tune\u013ca erozija galvenok\u0101rt ir sastopama noteikt\u0101s augsnes k\u0101rt\u0101s, piem\u0113ram, sodosol\u0101, kuram ir nestabila apak\u0161augsne.<\/p>\n

Tune\u013ca erozijas att\u012bst\u012bba notiek, kad \u016bdens iek\u013c\u016bst augsnes iek\u0161ien\u0113 caur caurumiem vai plais\u0101m, ko veidoju\u0161as koku saknes vai citi c\u0113lo\u0146i. Tune\u013ca erozija nopietni ietekm\u0113 augsnes \u016bdens notur\u0113\u0161anas sp\u0113ju.<\/p>\n

C\u012b\u0146a ar \u016bdens eroziju<\/h2>\n

Tas izpau\u017eas da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s form\u0101s un smaguma pak\u0101p\u0113s, un tas viss noved pie zemes degrad\u0101cijas un zemes produkt\u012bv\u0101s jaudas zuduma.<\/p>\n

Lai gan prec\u012bz\u0101kie un efekt\u012bv\u0101kie risin\u0101jumi \u016bdens erozijas apkaro\u0161anai ir atkar\u012bgi no t\u0101diem faktoriem k\u0101 topogr\u0101fija<\/a>, ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, atmosf\u0113ras st\u0101vokli utt., past\u0101v da\u017ei iedibin\u0101ti veidi vai prakse, ko atsevi\u0161\u0137i vai neatkar\u012bgi kombin\u0101cij\u0101 var izmantot, lai nov\u0113rstu, mazin\u0101tu vai samazin\u0101tu darb\u012bbu un t\u0101s ietekmi:<\/p>\n

1. Izv\u0113lieties atbilsto\u0161u zemes izmanto\u0161anu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konkr\u0113tai zemei izv\u0113l\u0113tajam zemes izmantojumam j\u0101atbilst augsnes tipam un erozijas riskam. Zemes izmantojuma izv\u0113lei j\u0101b\u016bt atkar\u012bgai no augsnes atra\u0161an\u0101s vietas, fizik\u0101laj\u0101m un \u0137\u012bmiskaj\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, st\u0101vas nog\u0101zes ir vispiem\u0113rot\u0101k\u0101s lopbar\u012bbas kult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161anai, savuk\u0101rt me\u017ei ir piem\u0113rots zemes izmantojums margin\u0101l\u0101m zem\u0113m ar degrad\u0113t\u0101m un mazprodukt\u012bv\u0101m augsn\u0113m.<\/p>\n

2. Saglab\u0101jiet organisko vielu daudzumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Organisk\u0101s vielas ir tas, kas saista augsni kop\u0101. Augsnes ar augst\u0101ku organisko vielu saturu ir stabil\u0101kas, t\u0101m ir laba infiltr\u0101cija un augsta \u016bdens aiztures sp\u0113ja, padarot augsni maz\u0101k pak\u013cautu erozijai.<\/p>\n

Turkl\u0101t organisk\u0101s vielas ir vit\u0101li svar\u012bgas mikroorganismu aktivit\u0101tei un lab\u0101kai ve\u0123et\u0101cijas ra\u017eo\u0161anai. Tas v\u0113l vair\u0101k pal\u012bdz augsnei b\u016bt iztur\u012bgai pret \u016bdens erozijas iedarb\u012bbu. Tas galvenok\u0101rt ir efekt\u012bvs, lai ierobe\u017eotu strautu eroziju, sl\u0101\u0146veida eroziju, tune\u013cu eroziju utt.<\/p>\n

Organisko vielu satura uztur\u0113\u0161anai parasti ir j\u0101p\u0101rbauda l\u012bdzsvars starp sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s \u0101trumu un organisko vielu uzkr\u0101\u0161an\u0101s \u0101trumu. Pl\u0101notas darb\u012bbas, piem\u0113ram, augsnes strukt\u016bras trauc\u0113jumu samazin\u0101\u0161ana un k\u016btsm\u0113slu pievieno\u0161ana vai kult\u016braugu atlieku atst\u0101\u0161ana, pal\u012bdz izveidot un uztur\u0113t \u0161o l\u012bdzsvaru.<\/p>\n

\"Uztur\u0113t<\/p>\n

3. Izveidojiet kult\u016braugu atlieku segumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Augsnes p\u0101rkl\u0101\u0161ana, atst\u0101jot kult\u016braugu atliekas uz zemes, ir p\u0101rbaud\u012bta metode, lai galvenok\u0101rt samazin\u0101tu \u0161\u013cakatu eroziju. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nokri\u0161\u0146i nenon\u0101k tie\u0161\u0101 saskar\u0113 ar augsni un t\u0101p\u0113c netiek viegli erod\u0113ti. Turkl\u0101t tas ar\u012b kontrol\u0113 augsnes eroziju, samazinot \u016bdens pl\u016bsmas \u0101trumu uz virsmas.<\/p>\n

Kult\u016braugu atlieku izveido\u0161ana tiek ieg\u016bta, samazinot augsnes apstr\u0101des darb\u012bbas vai izmantojot augsnes apstr\u0101des metodi.<\/p>\n

\"Izveidot<\/p>\n

4. Samazin\u0101ta augsnes apstr\u0101de<\/strong><\/p>\n

Intens\u012bva augsnes apstr\u0101de tiek izmantota, cerot padar\u012bt augsni aram\u0101ku, ta\u010du t\u0101 padara augsni viegli erod\u0113jamu. T\u0101 izjauc augsnes struktur\u0101lo integrit\u0101ti, samazina mitruma saturu un padara to neaizsarg\u0101tu pret lietus pilienu \u0161\u013cakatu iedarb\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101p\u0113c augsnes apstr\u0101des samazin\u0101\u0161ana vai alternat\u012bvu meto\u017eu izmanto\u0161ana ir b\u016btiska, lai c\u012bn\u012btos pret visu veidu eroziju.<\/p>\n

\"Samazin\u0101ta<\/p>\n

5. Izmantojiet augsnes apstr\u0101di vai tie\u0161o s\u0113ju<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nulles augsnes apstr\u0101de un tie\u0161\u0101 s\u0113ja ir divas efekt\u012bvas metodes augsnes erozijas apkaro\u0161anai, un t\u0101s bie\u017ei tiek izmantotas kombin\u0101cij\u0101, lai palielin\u0101tu zemes lauksaimniecisko produktivit\u0101ti. Nulles augsnes apstr\u0101de atst\u0101j liel\u0101ko da\u013cu kult\u016braugu atlieku vienm\u0113r\u012bgi sadal\u012btas pa visu plat\u012bbu, un ar\u012b rug\u0101ji paliek neskarti.<\/p>\n

Tie\u0161\u0101 s\u0113ja ietver kult\u016braugu s\u0113\u0161anu tie\u0161i uz agr\u0101k ies\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016braugu atliek\u0101m, izmantojot m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cus un herbic\u012bdus, lai aizst\u0101tu augsnes apstr\u0101di nez\u0101\u013cu apkaro\u0161anai un bar\u012bbas vielu apritei. T\u0101 ir ekonomiska un izdev\u012bga metode, lai samazin\u0101tu \u016bdens erozijas negat\u012bvo ietekmi, k\u0101 ar\u012b palielin\u0101tu ra\u017eu.<\/p>\n

\"Izmantojiet<\/p>\n

6. Izmantojiet saglab\u0101\u0161anas atmatas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Papuvju izmanto\u0161ana ir bijusi efekt\u012bva metode zemes produktivit\u0101tes atjauno\u0161anai, atst\u0101jot to neaugl\u012bgu vienu vai vair\u0101kus ve\u0123et\u0101cijas periodus.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r vid\u0113jas l\u012bdz smagas erozijas gad\u012bjumi ir bie\u017ei sastopami atmat\u0101s, kas atst\u0101tas bez kult\u016braugu atlieku seguma, jo organisko vielu saturs augsn\u0113 samazin\u0101s, palielinoties sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s l\u012bmenim.<\/p>\n

Lai atrisin\u0101tu \u0161o probl\u0113mu, konservat\u012bv\u0101 atmat\u0101 kult\u016braugu atliekas tiek atst\u0101tas atmat\u0101, kas turpina barot augsni ar organiskaj\u0101m viel\u0101m, vienlaikus samazinot augsnes apstr\u0101des darb\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

\"Izmantojiet<\/p>\n

7. Audz\u0113jiet lopbar\u012bbu un izmantojiet augseku<\/strong><\/p>\n

Augsekas izmanto\u0161ana un lopbar\u012bbas kult\u016bru integr\u0101cija augsek\u0101 iev\u0113rojami samazina \u016bdens eroziju saimniec\u012bb\u0101s. Daudzgad\u012bgajiem lopbar\u012bbas augiem ir \u0161\u0137iedraina sak\u0146u sist\u0113ma, kas aizsarg\u0101 augsni gan no virszemes, gan zemzemes.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113rota laika izv\u0113le rot\u0101cijai, k\u0101 ar\u012b lab\u0101ko kult\u016braugu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u izv\u0113le \u013cauj saimniec\u012bbai uztur\u0113t vesel\u012bgu bar\u012bbas vielu apriti. P\u0101k\u0161augi un graudaugi, p\u0101rmai\u0146us audz\u0113ti ar lopbar\u012bbas kult\u016br\u0101m, dod vislab\u0101kos rezult\u0101tus c\u012b\u0146\u0101 pret t\u0101s kontroli.<\/p>\n

\"Audz\u0113jiet<\/p>\n

8. Gan\u012bbu p\u0101rveido\u0161anai izmantojiet tie\u0161o s\u0113ju<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kult\u016braugu tie\u0161as s\u0113\u0161anas vel\u0113n\u0101 metode pal\u012bdz nov\u0113rst nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu p\u0113c intens\u012bvas ar\u0161anas un ec\u0113\u0161anas gan\u012bb\u0101s, vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot t\u0101du pa\u0161u augsnes daudzumu. ra\u017ea<\/a>. Tie\u0161o s\u0113ju var veikt gan ar disku, gan ar pneimatisko s\u0113jma\u0161\u012bnu.<\/p>\n

9. Smagas erozijas kontrole<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lai gan labas prakses ievie\u0161ana norm\u0101las \u016bdens erozijas apkaro\u0161anai ir efekt\u012bva, t\u0101s nopietnu gad\u012bjumu, piem\u0113ram, gravu un ekstrem\u0101lu sediment\u0101cijas, kontrolei nepiecie\u0161ami specializ\u0113t\u0101ki pas\u0101kumi, piem\u0113ram:<\/p>\n

\"Smagas<\/strong><\/p>\n

10. Z\u0101\u013coti \u016bdensce\u013ci<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0101 jau nosaukums nor\u0101da, ar z\u0101li apaugu\u0161as \u016bdensce\u013ci ir kan\u0101li lauksaimniec\u012bbas zem\u0113s, kas kl\u0101ti ar z\u0101li, lai novad\u012btu lielu \u016bdens daudzumu no zemes uz dro\u0161u izpl\u016bdes vietu. \u016adensce\u013ci kalpo, lai atbr\u012bvotos no liek\u0101 \u016bdens lauksaimniec\u012bbas zem\u0113s, ne\u013caujot tam erod\u0113t lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemju augsni.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r jaunb\u016bv\u0113ti \u016bdensce\u013ci ir pak\u013cauti boj\u0101jumiem \u016bdens erozijas darb\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c. T\u0101p\u0113c laba z\u0101les seguma uztur\u0113\u0161ana uz \u016bdensce\u013ciem nodro\u0161ina ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Ar z\u0101li apaugu\u0161iem \u016bdensce\u013ciem j\u0101b\u016bt pietiekami lieliem, lai tie var\u0113tu novad\u012bt maksim\u0101lo \u016bdens daudzumu no v\u0113tr\u0101m un k\u016bsto\u0161a sniega, un t\u0101p\u0113c j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 gan v\u0113sturiskie ieraksti, gan zemes plat\u012bba, kas tiks nosusin\u0101ta, izmantojot \u016bdensce\u013cu.<\/p>\n

Veidojot z\u0101les \u016bdensce\u013cu, j\u0101nodro\u0161ina neliels sl\u012bpums un, cik vien iesp\u0113jams, j\u0101iev\u0113ro parastais dren\u0101\u017eas modelis.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u0101\u013coti<\/p>\n

11. Izkl\u0101ti kan\u0101li<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u0101ksl\u012bgie kan\u0101li, k\u0101 ar\u012b dabisk\u0101s gravas pal\u012bdz aizvad\u012bt lieko \u016bdeni prom no lauksaimniec\u012bbas zem\u0113m. Kan\u0101lu izkl\u0101\u0161ana ar pakl\u0101ji\u0146iem, kas pal\u012bdz kontrol\u0113t eroziju kan\u0101l\u0101, pal\u012bdz padar\u012bt kan\u0101lus stabil\u0101kus pret kan\u0101la krastu un gultnes eroziju.<\/p>\n

Oder\u0113tos kan\u0101lus var izb\u016bv\u0113t, izmantojot biolo\u0123iskus l\u012bdzek\u013cus, piem\u0113ram, z\u0101lienu, akme\u0146us un z\u0101li, k\u0101 ar\u012b \u0123eotekstilmateri\u0101lus un betonu, kas abi ir \u013coti efekt\u012bvi, ierobe\u017eojot gravu izple\u0161anos un periodiski novadot \u016bdeni p\u0101ri nog\u0101z\u0113m ar 10 procentu sl\u012bpumu. Oder\u0113tie kan\u0101li ar\u012b pal\u012bdz uztur\u0113t \u016bdens kvalit\u0101ti lejpus straumes.<\/p>\n

\"Pilienu
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

12. Pilienu strukt\u016bras<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kan\u0101ls, pa kuru pl\u016bst \u016bdens, neb\u016bt nav vienm\u0113r\u012bgs un l\u012bdzens. Da\u017ereiz augstuma starp\u012bba neliel\u0101 att\u0101lum\u0101 ir pietiekami liela, lai pa\u0101trin\u0101tu \u016bdens kin\u0113tiskos un gravit\u0101cijas sp\u0113kus, izraisot eroziju.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0101d\u0101s viet\u0101s tiek b\u016bv\u0113tas notekcaurules, lai dro\u0161i nolaistu \u016bdeni zem\u0101k\u0101s viet\u0101s. \u0160im nol\u016bkam tiek izmantoti da\u017e\u0101di notekcauru\u013cu veidi, piem\u0113ram, vertik\u0101l\u0101s notekcaurules, javas notekcaurules un cauru\u013cu notekcaurules. Starp t\u0101m cauru\u013cu notekcaurules ir viegl\u0101k un l\u0113t\u0101k uzb\u016bv\u0113jamas.<\/p>\n

\"Caurules<\/p>\n

13. Caurules notekas konstrukcijas \u0161\u0137\u0113rsgriezums:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cauru\u013cu nolai\u0161anas konstrukcijas var at\u0161\u0137irties ar\u012b atkar\u012bb\u0101 no objekta vajadz\u012bb\u0101m un b\u016bvniec\u012bbas metodes. Vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101kie cauru\u013cu nolai\u0161anas konstrukciju veidi ietver caurules izb\u016bvi kop\u0101 ar kan\u0101la pl\u016bsmu, kas savieno aug\u0161upv\u0113rsto un lejupv\u0113rsto pac\u0113lumu.<\/p>\n

Pl\u016bsto\u0161ais \u016bdens tiek koncentr\u0113ts caurules iepl\u016bdes atver\u0113, un p\u0113c tam \u016bdens pl\u016bst caurul\u0113, kas caur izeju tiek izvad\u012bts atpaka\u013c kan\u0101l\u0101.<\/p>\n

Sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ka cauru\u013cu nolai\u0161anas konstrukcija ietver bermas vai uzglab\u0101\u0161anas zonas izb\u016bvi aug\u0161pus straumes, kur \u012bslaic\u012bgi tiek aiztur\u0113ts \u016bdens.<\/p>\n

Berm\u0101 zem\u0113 tiek ierakta viena vai vair\u0101kas plastmasas caurules ar neliel\u0101m atver\u0113m, kas kalpo k\u0101 iepl\u016bdes atveres, un to izpl\u016bdes atveres ir v\u0113rstas uz zem\u0101k eso\u0161ajiem kan\u0101liem. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \u016bdens tiek aizvad\u012bts l\u0113n\u0101k\u0101 temp\u0101, un \u016bdens aiztur\u0113\u0161ana aug\u0161up pa straumi ar\u012b pal\u012bdz palielin\u0101t mitruma l\u012bmeni.<\/p>\n

\"Cauru\u013cu<\/p>\n

14. Teras\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nel\u012bdzen\u0101 topogr\u0101fisk\u0101 vid\u0113 ar st\u0101v\u0101m, nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101m nog\u0101z\u0113m terases ir lab\u0101kais risin\u0101jums, lai tiktu gal\u0101 ar \u016bdens eroziju un masu kust\u012bb\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, zemes nogruvumiem, ko t\u0101 izraisa.<\/p>\n

Kan\u0101lu izveide st\u0101v\u0101s nog\u0101z\u0113s ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta, un dabisk\u0101s \u016bdens padeves nevar nosusin\u0101t visu teritoriju. T\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 \u016bdens m\u0113dz pl\u016bst pa nog\u0101zi un caur augsni lejup pa nog\u0101zi. Terases tiek b\u016bv\u0113tas gar kont\u016bru, lai kontrol\u0113tu \u016bdens pl\u016bsmu.<\/p>\n

\"Terases\"<\/p>\n

15. Terases \u0161\u0137\u0113rsgriezums<\/strong><\/p>\n

Terases izveidojot \u0161\u0101d\u0101s teritorij\u0101s, noteces \u016bde\u0146us aiztur terases, un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di aiztur\u0113tais \u016bdens tiek novad\u012bts pa kan\u0101liem, kas atdala terases.<\/p>\n

Terases b\u016bvniec\u012bba nel\u012bdzen\u0101 zem\u0113 ietver materi\u0101lu grie\u0161anu vai no\u0146em\u0161anu, lai izveidotu kan\u0101lus, un materi\u0101la izmanto\u0161anu, lai izveidotu l\u012bdzenu zemi, ko sauc par berm\u0101m, kur audz\u0113 kult\u016braugus.<\/p>\n

Terases b\u016bvniec\u012bba ir diezgan d\u0101rga, ta\u010du, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 alternat\u012bvu tr\u016bkumu sl\u012bp\u0101s zem\u0113s, terases ir viena no lab\u0101kaj\u0101m iesp\u0113j\u0101m to kontrol\u0113t, kas v\u0113l vair\u0101k pal\u012bdz stabiliz\u0113t sl\u012bpumu un palielin\u0101t augsnes produkt\u012bvo potenci\u0101lu.<\/p>\n

\"Terases<\/p>\n

\u016adens erozijas piem\u0113ri<\/h2>\n

\u016adens erozijas piem\u0113rus var redz\u0113t visur mums apk\u0101rt. Kalnu un pauguru \u012bpatn\u0113j\u0101 forma ir past\u0101v\u012bgas \u016bdens un v\u0113ja nodiluma iedarb\u012bbas rezult\u0101ts. Da\u017ei no piem\u0113riem:<\/p>\n

\"\u016adens<\/p>\n

1. Alas:<\/strong> Alas ir viena no aizraujo\u0161\u0101kaj\u0101m dabas reljefa form\u0101m uz Zemes, un t\u0101s liel\u0101koties veido pl\u016bsto\u0161a \u016bdens darb\u012bba daudzu gadu garum\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u0160o procesu v\u0113l vair\u0101k saasina og\u013csk\u0101be no klints kalcija karb\u012bda, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 var veidoties simtiem kilometru garas alas, piem\u0113ram, mamuta ala Amerikas Savienotaj\u0101s Valst\u012bs.<\/p>\n

\"Upes<\/p>\n

2. Upes krastu erozija:<\/strong> Upes krastu erozija ir upes materi\u0101lu no\u0146em\u0161ana upes krastos, pl\u016bsto\u0161am \u016bdenim g\u0101zoties upes l\u012bkumos.<\/p>\n

Upju krastu erozija ir nopietna probl\u0113ma palie\u0146u lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101s, kur katru gadu upju krastu izcir\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c tiek noskaloti t\u016bksto\u0161iem akru kultiv\u0113jamas zemes.<\/p>\n

3. Kanjoni:<\/strong> Viens no spilgt\u0101kajiem \u016bdens erozijas piem\u0113riem ir Lielais kanjons, kas izveidoj\u0101s Kolor\u0101do upes erozijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 pirms miljoniem gadu.<\/p>\n

Lielais kanjons un citi kanjoni vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 ir gleznaini t\u0101 sp\u0113ka iemiesojumi.<\/p>\n

4. Piekrastes erozija:<\/strong> Piekrastes erozija ir piekrastes zemes erozija, kuras rezult\u0101t\u0101 veidojas piekrastes klintis un regul\u0101ri tiek no\u0146emta piekrastes zeme.<\/p>\n

Secin\u0101jums<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u016adens ir sp\u0113c\u012bgs dabas sp\u0113ks, un t\u0101 erozijas ietekme var nopietni kait\u0113t kop\u0113jai lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemes produktivit\u0101tei visur, \u012bpa\u0161i margin\u0101l\u0101s zem\u0113s. Lai gan \u016bdens erozijas c\u0113lo\u0146i var b\u016bt gan dabiski, gan cilv\u0113ka darb\u012bbas izrais\u012bti, past\u0101v noteikti faktori, piem\u0113ram, augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas un nokri\u0161\u0146u daudzums, kas nosaka t\u0101s nopietn\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Turkl\u0101t vislab\u0101k to risin\u0101t p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas agr\u0101k, ja to var efekt\u012bvi un ekonomiski kontrol\u0113t ar parast\u0101m augsnes apstr\u0101des darb\u012bb\u0101m un labas lauksaimniec\u012bbas prakses ievie\u0161anu. Tom\u0113r sp\u0113c\u012bga \u016bdens izrais\u012bta erozija vai t\u0101s potenci\u0101lais erozijas risks prasa citus pas\u0101kumus, piem\u0113ram, nolai\u0161an\u0101s konstrukcijas, terases, z\u0101lien\u0101 apaugu\u0161as \u016bdenstilpnes un oder\u0113tas kan\u0101li.<\/p>\n

Visbeidzot, \u016bdens erozijas kontroles l\u012bdzek\u013cus var apkopot, saglab\u0101jot labu vainagu segumu un augsnes struktur\u0101lo integrit\u0101ti. T\u0101s nov\u0113r\u0161ana un mazin\u0101\u0161ana ir b\u016btiska, lai lauksaimniec\u012bbas un lauksaimniecisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas b\u016btu ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgas lauksaimniec\u012bbas zem\u0113s.<\/p>\n

\n

Bie\u017e\u0101k uzdotie jaut\u0101jumi<\/h2>\n
\n

1. K\u0101da veida \u016bdens erozija rodas, kad \u016bdens p\u0101rvietojas lejup pa nog\u0101z\u0113m pa maziem kan\u0101liem?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Upju erozija ir erozijas veids, kas rodas, kad \u016bdens pl\u016bst lejup pa nog\u0101z\u0113m pa maziem kan\u0101liem. T\u0101 notiek, kad lietus \u016bdens vai notece augsn\u0113 izveido mazus, seklus kan\u0101lus.<\/p>\n

Gravu erozija, ja to nekontrol\u0113, var b\u016bt par iemeslu nopietn\u0101k\u0101m erozijas form\u0101m. Ir svar\u012bgi ieviest atbilsto\u0161us augsnes aizsardz\u012bbas pas\u0101kumus, lai nov\u0113rstu un mazin\u0101tu gravu eroziju.<\/p>\n

2. K\u0101ds ir viserod\u0113jo\u0161\u0101kais \u016bdens sp\u0113ks?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Viserod\u0113jo\u0161\u0101kais \u016bdens sp\u0113ks ir paz\u012bstams k\u0101 "sl\u0101\u0146a erozija". T\u0101 notiek, kad pl\u0101ns \u016bdens sl\u0101nis pl\u016bst p\u0101ri lielai plat\u012bbai, izraisot augsnes da\u013ci\u0146u atdal\u012b\u0161anos un transport\u0113\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Augsnes sl\u0101\u0146u erozija var b\u016bt \u012bpa\u0161i kait\u012bga, jo t\u0101 var izrais\u012bt augl\u012bg\u0101s augsnes virsk\u0101rtas zudumu. Augsnes aizsardz\u012bbas pas\u0101kumu, piem\u0113ram, kont\u016bru ar\u0161anas un teras\u0113\u0161anas, \u012bsteno\u0161ana var pal\u012bdz\u0113t mazin\u0101t augsnes sl\u0101\u0146u erozijas ietekmi un aizsarg\u0101t zemi.<\/p>\n

3. K\u0101 erod\u0113ta augsne var nok\u013c\u016bt \u016bdenstilpn\u0113?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Erod\u0113ta augsne var non\u0101kt \u016bdenstilpn\u0113 procesa, ko sauc par "sediment\u0101ciju", ce\u013c\u0101. Kad notiek augsnes erozija, erod\u0113t\u0101s augsnes da\u013ci\u0146as tiek aiznestas ar \u016bdens noteci vai v\u0113ju. \u0160\u012bs da\u013ci\u0146as galu gal\u0101 var nok\u013c\u016bt tuv\u0113j\u0101s up\u0113s, strautos vai ezeros, pies\u0101r\u0146ojot \u016bdeni.<\/p>\n

Sediment\u0101cija rada risku \u016bdens ekosist\u0113m\u0101m, jo t\u0101 var izjaukt \u016bdens dz\u012bv\u012bbu, samazin\u0101t \u016bdens kvalit\u0101ti un ietekm\u0113t \u016bdenstilpes visp\u0101r\u0113jo vesel\u012bbu. Augsnes aizsardz\u012bbas prakses ievie\u0161ana un ve\u0123etat\u012bvo buferzonu uztur\u0113\u0161ana var pal\u012bdz\u0113t samazin\u0101t augsnes eroziju un nov\u0113rst sediment\u0101ciju \u016bdenstilp\u0113s.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Erozija ir dabas sp\u0113ku iedarb\u012bbas uz augsni un citiem zemes materi\u0101liem rezult\u0101ts. Augsnes da\u013ci\u0146u p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101s \u016bdens sp\u0113ka ietekm\u0113, kam seko\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":2319,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1380],"tags":[1634],"class_list":["post-2296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","tag-water-management"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is water erosion\u2753<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Water erosion wears away the surface of the earth. 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