{"id":13941,"date":"2026-08-01T22:42:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T20:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=13941"},"modified":"2026-08-01T22:42:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T20:42:28","slug":"ka-zemes-biomasa-tiek-aprekinata-izmantojot-talizpeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/how-land-biomass-is-calculated-using-remote-sensing\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0101 zemes biomasa tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ta, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u0101lizp\u0113tes tehnolo\u0123ija ir fundament\u0101li main\u012bjusi to, k\u0101 m\u0113s m\u0113r\u0101m, uzraug\u0101m un p\u0101rvald\u0101m m\u016bsu plan\u0113tas sauszemes virsmas dz\u012bvo masu. Ar t\u0101lizp\u0113tes pal\u012bdz\u012bbu apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t\u0101 sauszemes biomasa vairs nav tikai universit\u0101\u0161u laboratoriju p\u0113tniec\u012bbas interese \u2014 tagad t\u0101 ir kritiski svar\u012bgs darb\u012bbas instruments, ko izmanto vald\u012bbas, me\u017esaimniec\u012bbas a\u0123ent\u016bras, kult\u016braugu zin\u0101tnieki un klimata p\u0113tnieki vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

Tikai lauksaimniec\u012bbas tirg\u016b t\u0101lizp\u0113te tika nov\u0113rt\u0113ta par $3,8 miljardi 2025. gad\u0101<\/strong> un tiek prognoz\u0113ts, ka tas pieaugs l\u012bdz $9,6 miljardi l\u012bdz 2034. gadam<\/strong> pie a CAGR 10,9%<\/strong>, saska\u0146\u0101 ar 2026.\u00a0gada Dataintelo nozares zi\u0146ojumu. Iev\u0113rojamu da\u013cu no \u0161\u012bs izaugsmes veicina piepras\u012bjums p\u0113c uzticamiem biomasas datiem, lai atbalst\u012btu oglek\u013ca uzskaiti, prec\u012bzo lauksaimniec\u012bbu un vides monitoringu.<\/p>\n

Kas ir zemes biomasa?<\/h2>\n

Zemes biomasa (visu organisko vielu kop\u0113j\u0101 sausnas masa noteikt\u0101 teritorij\u0101) tiek m\u0113r\u012bta metrisk\u0101s vien\u012bb\u0101s, piem\u0113ram, tonnas uz hekt\u0101ru (t\/ha)<\/strong> vai megagrami uz hekt\u0101ru (Mg\/ha)<\/strong>, kur 1 Mg ir vien\u0101ds ar 1 metrisko tonnu. Tas apz\u012bm\u0113 fotosint\u0113zes uzkr\u0101to produktu \u2014 oglekli, ko augi, koki un citi organismi ir piesaist\u012bju\u0161i no atmosf\u0113ras un fiks\u0113ju\u0161i fizisk\u0101 mat\u0113rij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Tas ir viens no sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101kajiem ekosist\u0113mas vesel\u012bbas, oglek\u013ca uzglab\u0101\u0161anas un kult\u016braugu produktivit\u0101tes r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem, tom\u0113r tradicion\u0101l\u0101s uz zemes b\u0101z\u0113t\u0101s m\u0113r\u012b\u0161anas metodes jau sen ir biju\u0161as p\u0101r\u0101k l\u0113nas, d\u0101rgas un telpiski ierobe\u017eotas, lai apmierin\u0101tu m\u016bsdienu zemes apsaimnieko\u0161anas vajadz\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Virszemes biomasa (AGB) un pazemes biomasa (BGB)<\/h3>\n

Zin\u0101tnieki iedala biomasu div\u0101s galvenaj\u0101s kategorij\u0101s. Virszemes biomasa (VBI) aptver visu, kas aug virs augsnes virsmas \u2014 stumbrus, stumbrus, zarus, lapas un st\u0101vo\u0161u atmiru\u0161u koksni. Pazemes biomasa (PAB) aptver sak\u0146u sist\u0113mas un citu pazemes organisko materi\u0101lu. Liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 me\u017eu ekosist\u0113mu PAB veido aptuveni 20\u2013301 TP3T no kop\u0113j\u0101s biomasas<\/strong>, un t\u0101 m\u0113r\u012b\u0161ana joproj\u0101m ir daudz sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ka nek\u0101 AGB nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana.<\/p>\n

Biomasa tiek klasific\u0113ta ar\u012b k\u0101 dz\u012bva biomasa (akt\u012bvi augo\u0161s, vielmai\u0146as zi\u0146\u0101 akt\u012bvs augu materi\u0101ls) un atmirusi biomasa (st\u0101vo\u0161a vai nokritusi atmirusi koksne, saus\u0101s nobiras). Abi veidi uzglab\u0101 oglekli un veicina ainavas kop\u0113jo oglek\u013ca kr\u0101tuvi, ta\u010du tie at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi rea\u0123\u0113 uz ugunsgr\u0113kiem, slim\u012bb\u0101m un apsaimnieko\u0161anas intervenc\u0113m.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 vides indikators biomasai ir unik\u0101li sp\u0113c\u012bga poz\u012bcija. Augstas biomasas v\u0113rt\u012bbas liecina par produkt\u012bv\u0101m, vesel\u012bg\u0101m ekosist\u0113m\u0101m ar sp\u0113c\u012bgu oglek\u013ca piesaistes potenci\u0101lu. Biomasas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s tendences liecina par me\u017eu izcir\u0161anu, sausuma stresu, augsnes degrad\u0101ciju vai p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anu. Lab\u012bbas audz\u0113t\u0101jiem virszemes biomasa tie\u0161i korel\u0113 ar graudu ra\u017eas potenci\u0101lu, padarot to par vienu no praktisk\u0101kajiem prec\u012bzas lauksaimniec\u012bbas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u0101p\u0113c apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t zemes biomasu, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti?<\/h2>\n

Tradicion\u0101l\u0101 biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana balst\u0101s uz lauka m\u0113r\u012bjumiem: p\u0113tnieki nov\u0101c ra\u017eu parauglaukumos, \u017e\u0101v\u0113 augu materi\u0101lu kr\u0101sn\u012bs un nosver to, lai noteiktu sausnas masu uz plat\u012bbas vien\u012bbu. \u0160is destrukt\u012bvais, darbietilp\u012bgais process darbojas parauglaukuma m\u0113rog\u0101, bet k\u013c\u016bst piln\u012bgi nepraktisks, ja nepiecie\u0161ami biomasas dati par valsts me\u017eu, upes baseinu vai kontinent\u0101lo lauksaimniec\u012bbas zonu. Galvenie uz zemes veikto lauka apsekojumu ierobe\u017eojumi<\/p>\n

1. Telpiskais p\u0101rkl\u0101jums ir iev\u0113rojami ierobe\u017eots.<\/strong> Lauka komanda var re\u0101listiski izm\u0113r\u012bt biomasu da\u017eos desmitos parauglaukumu vien\u0101 sezon\u0101. Satel\u012bts viena viadukta laik\u0101 aptver miljoniem hekt\u0101ru, padarot ainavas m\u0113roga uzraudz\u012bbu neiesp\u0113jamu bez t\u0101lizp\u0113tes.<\/p>\n

\"K\u0101p\u0113c<\/p>\n

2. Lauka apsekojumi ir d\u0101rgi un l\u0113ni.<\/strong> Apm\u0101c\u012bta person\u0101la izvieto\u0161ana att\u0101los me\u017eos vai pla\u0161\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas ainav\u0101s prasa iev\u0113rojamus bud\u017eetus, lo\u0123istikas koordin\u0101ciju un laiku, un tas viss ir gr\u016bti m\u0113rogojams, palielinoties apsekojuma plat\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

3. Destrukt\u012bva paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana boj\u0101 ekosist\u0113mu.<\/strong> Ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas zemes gabali biomasas sv\u0113r\u0161anai izn\u012bcina pa\u0161u p\u0113t\u0101mo ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, kas nav savienojams ar ilgtermi\u0146a monitoringa programm\u0101m, kur\u0101m nepiecie\u0161ami atk\u0101rtoti m\u0113r\u012bjumi vien\u0101 un taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 viet\u0101.<\/p>\n

4. Laika frekvence ir p\u0101r\u0101k zema.<\/strong> Lauka komandas parasti apseko objektu lab\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 reizi gad\u0101. Satel\u012bti var apmekl\u0113t to pa\u0161u vietu ik p\u0113c da\u017e\u0101m dien\u0101m, kas \u013cauj nep\u0101rtraukti uzraudz\u012bt sezon\u0101l\u0101s biomasas izmai\u0146as un \u0101tri rea\u0123\u0113t uz t\u0101diem notikumiem k\u0101 ugunsgr\u0113ki vai sausums.<\/p>\n

T\u0101lizp\u0113te risina visus \u0161os ierobe\u017eojumus vienlaikus. Viens Sentinel-2 satel\u012bta att\u0113ls aptver 290 km\u00b2 uz ainu<\/strong> plkst. 10 metru telpisk\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja<\/strong>, nodro\u0161inot atk\u0101rtojamus, piln\u012bgus ve\u0123et\u0101cijas datus bez robe\u017eizmaks\u0101m par katru papildu hekt\u0101ru. Lietojumi, kas ir atkar\u012bgi no prec\u012bziem zemes biomasas datiem, ir pla\u0161i:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Oglek\u013ca uzskaite un REDD+:<\/strong> Starptautiskajiem klimata ietvarstrukt\u016br\u0101m ir nepiecie\u0161ami p\u0101rbaud\u012bti me\u017eu oglek\u013ca kr\u0101jumu apr\u0113\u0137ini. Uz t\u0101lizp\u0113tes balst\u012btas biomasas kartes nodro\u0161ina telpisko p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu un atjaunin\u0101\u0161anas bie\u017eumu, ko nevar nodro\u0161in\u0101t tikai nacion\u0101l\u0101s me\u017eu inventariz\u0101cijas.<\/li>\n
  • Lauksaimniec\u012bbas monitorings:<\/strong> Kult\u016braugu biomasa da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101s prognoz\u0113 gal\u012bgo ra\u017eu, inform\u0113 par ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161anu un agr\u012bni br\u012bdina par stresu, pirms tas k\u013c\u016bst par produktivit\u0101tes zudumu.<\/li>\n
  • Me\u017ea apsaimnieko\u0161ana:<\/strong> Koksnes apjoms, kurin\u0101m\u0101 slodze me\u017ea ugunsgr\u0113ku riskam un biolo\u0123isk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas nov\u0113rt\u0113jums ir atkar\u012bgi no uzticamiem biomasas apr\u0113\u0137iniem liel\u0101s me\u017ea plat\u012bb\u0101s.<\/li>\n
  • Vides p\u0101rvald\u012bba:<\/strong> Zemes degrad\u0101cijas monitorings, mitr\u0101ju nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana un invaz\u012bvo sugu noteik\u0161ana izmanto biomasas izmai\u0146as k\u0101 galveno sign\u0101lu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    <\/p>\n

    K\u0101 t\u0101lizp\u0113te m\u0113ra zemes biomasu: fizik\u0101lie principi<\/h2>\n

    Katra t\u0101lizp\u0113tes sist\u0113ma \u2014 neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, vai t\u0101 ir optiskais satel\u012bts, radars vai l\u0101zers \u2014 v\u0101c inform\u0101ciju par ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, m\u0113rot, k\u0101 elektromagn\u0113tisk\u0101 ener\u0123ija mijiedarbojas ar augu materi\u0101lu. \u0160\u012bs mijiedarb\u012bbas izpratne ir atsl\u0113ga, lai saprastu, k\u0101p\u0113c t\u0101lizp\u0113te visp\u0101r var nov\u0113rt\u0113t biomasu.<\/p>\n

    Augi atstaro, absorb\u0113 un p\u0101rraida elektromagn\u0113tisko starojumu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi atkar\u012bb\u0101 no to iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s strukt\u016bras, \u016bdens satura, lapu strukt\u016bras un vainaga arhitekt\u016bras. Hlorofils (za\u013cais pigments, kas nodro\u0161ina fotosint\u0113zi) sp\u0113c\u012bgi absorb\u0113 sarkanos un zilos vi\u013c\u0146u garumus, vienlaikus atstarojot za\u013co un tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 starojuma ener\u0123iju.<\/p>\n

    T\u0101p\u0113c vesel\u012bgai, bl\u012bvai ve\u0123et\u0101cijai ir rakstur\u012bgs spektr\u0101lais modelis: zema sarkan\u0101s gaismas atstaro\u0161an\u0101s sp\u0113ja, augsta tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 starojuma atstaro\u0161an\u0101s sp\u0113ja. \u0160o modeli, ko sauc par spektr\u0101lo parakstu, var izm\u0113r\u012bt no kosmosa, un t\u0101 intensit\u0101te korel\u0113 ar augu materi\u0101la daudzumu uz laukuma vien\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

    No spektr\u0101lajiem sign\u0101liem l\u012bdz biomasas v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m<\/h3>\n

    Sensori uztver spektr\u0101lo parakstu un apr\u0113\u0137ina ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus (matem\u0101tiskus koeficientus, kas kvantific\u0113, cik sp\u0113c\u012bgi ve\u0123et\u0101cijas sign\u0101ls par\u0101d\u0101s dotaj\u0101 att\u0113l\u0101). \u0160ie indeksi p\u0113c tam tiek sasaist\u012bti ar biomasu, izmantojot statistiskus vai ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s mode\u013cus, kas tiek kalibr\u0113ti, izmantojot uz lauka sav\u0101ktos biomasas m\u0113r\u012bjumus. Rezult\u0101ts ir telpiski nep\u0101rtraukta biomasas karte \u2014 katram att\u0113la pikselim ir paredz\u0113ta biomasas v\u0113rt\u012bba.<\/p>\n

    Datu apstr\u0101des darbpl\u016bsma iev\u0113ro skaidru sec\u012bbu. Neapstr\u0101d\u0101ti satel\u012btu dati tiek sa\u0146emti ar \u0123eometriskiem krop\u013cojumiem un atmosf\u0113ras trauc\u0113jumiem. Priek\u0161apstr\u0101de labo \u0161\u012bs k\u013c\u016bdas. Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksi tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ti no kori\u0123\u0113tiem att\u0113liem. Lauk\u0101 izm\u0113r\u012btie biomasas paraugi kalpo k\u0101 pamatinform\u0101cija mode\u013ca kalibr\u0113\u0161anai. P\u0113c tam valid\u0113tais modelis tiek piem\u0113rots vis\u0101 att\u0113la apjom\u0101, lai izveidotu gal\u012bgo biomasas karti.<\/p>\n

    Papildus spektr\u0101lajai atstaro\u0161anai ir ar\u012b citi fizik\u0101li sign\u0101li, kas sniedz inform\u0101ciju par biomasu. Vainagaugu augstums \u2014 cik augsta ir ve\u0123et\u0101cija \u2014 ir sp\u0113c\u012bgs AGB prognoz\u0113t\u0101js. Augu bl\u012bvums (cik stubl\u0101ju uz hekt\u0101ru) nosaka, cik daudz gaismas tiek p\u0101rtverts. Virsmas raupjums (ko nosaka radars) atspogu\u013co vainaga struktur\u0101lo sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbu. Sensori, kas m\u0113ra \u0161\u012bs struktur\u0101l\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, nevis tikai atstaro\u0161anu, bie\u017ei vien nodro\u0161ina liel\u0101ku biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas precizit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai izmantotie t\u0101lizp\u0113tes veidi<\/h2>\n

    Neviens atsevi\u0161\u0137s sensors nedomin\u0113 biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161an\u0101 vis\u0101s ekosist\u0113m\u0101s un m\u0113rogos. Zin\u0101tnieki un prakti\u0137i kombin\u0113 vair\u0101kus sensoru veidus, pamatojoties uz m\u0113r\u0137a ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, bud\u017eetu, nepiecie\u0161amo precizit\u0101ti un \u0123eogr\u0101fisko p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu.<\/p>\n

    M\u016bsdien\u0101s prec\u012bz\u0101k\u0101s biomasas kartes netiek veidotas no viena sensora, bet gan no optisko, radara un LiDAR datu inteli\u0123entas apvieno\u0161anas, kas aizpilda citu aklos punktus.<\/p>\n

    1. Optiskie satel\u012btatt\u0113li: multispektr\u0101lie un hiperspektr\u0101lie<\/h3>\n

    Optiskie sensori uztver atstaroto saules gaismu atsevi\u0161\u0137\u0101s spektra josl\u0101s, parasti aptverot redzamos vi\u013c\u0146u garumus (zilo, za\u013co, sarkano) un tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 starojuma (NIR) diapazonus. Multispektr\u0101lie att\u0113li (dati no 4\u201310 spektra josl\u0101m) veido pamatu liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai operat\u012bvo biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anas programmu vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113, galvenok\u0101rt pateicoties bezmaksas, nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101m datu pl\u016bsm\u0101m no Sentinel-2 un Landsat misij\u0101m.<\/p>\n

    Hiperspektr\u0101lie att\u0113li (dati no simtiem \u0161auru, nep\u0101rtrauktu spektra joslu) nodro\u0161ina daudz smalk\u0101ku spektra deta\u013cu. Tie iz\u0161\u0137ir augu pigmentus, \u016bdens saturu un lapu \u0137\u012bmisko sast\u0101vu t\u0101d\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, k\u0101du multispektr\u0101lie sensori nesp\u0113j.<\/p>\n

    Tas padara to \u012bpa\u0161i noder\u012bgu nelielu biomasas bl\u012bvuma at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu noteik\u0161anai z\u0101l\u0101jos un lauksaimniec\u012bbas laukos. Hiperspektr\u0101lo att\u0113lu galvenais ierobe\u017eojums ir m\u0101ko\u0146u sega: optiskie sensori nevar redz\u0113t cauri m\u0101ko\u0146iem, kas rada iev\u0113rojamas datu nepiln\u012bbas mitros tropu re\u0123ionos, kur biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana ir vissvar\u012bg\u0101k\u0101.<\/p>\n

    Visbie\u017e\u0101k optiskaj\u0101 biomasas kart\u0113\u0161an\u0101 izmantotie satel\u012bti ir Landsat 8\/9 (30 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja, 16 dienu atk\u0101rtota viz\u012bte), Sentinel-2 (10 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja, 5 dienu atk\u0101rtota viz\u012bte) un PlanetScope (3 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja, ikdienas atk\u0101rtota viz\u012bte komerci\u0101liem lietojumiem).<\/p>\n

    \"Biomasas<\/p>\n

    2. Radars (SAR): Redz\u0113\u0161ana caur m\u0101ko\u0146iem un debesu lapotn\u0113s<\/h3>\n

    Sint\u0113tisk\u0101s apert\u016bras radars (SAR) \u2014 sist\u0113ma, kas izstaro mikrovi\u013c\u0146u impulsus un m\u0113ra no zemes virsmas atstaroto ener\u0123iju \u2014 piln\u012bb\u0101 atrisina m\u0101ko\u0146u segas probl\u0113mu. Mikrovi\u013c\u0146u ener\u0123ija iziet cauri m\u0101ko\u0146iem un d\u016bmakai bez trauc\u0113jumiem, padarot SAR par izv\u0113les sensoru tropu me\u017eu uzraudz\u012bbai, kur past\u0101v\u012bga m\u0101ko\u0146u sega padara optiskos att\u0113lus gandr\u012bz nelietojamus.<\/p>\n

    SAR sign\u0101li iek\u013c\u016bst ar\u012b ve\u0123et\u0101cijas vainagos, mijiedarbojoties ar koksnainiem stubl\u0101jiem un zariem, ne tikai ar lapas aug\u0161\u0113jo virsmu. Jo gar\u0101ks radara vi\u013c\u0146a garums, jo dzi\u013c\u0101k sign\u0101ls iek\u013c\u016bst. L joslas SAR (vi\u013c\u0146a garums aptuveni 23 cm, ko izmanto ALOS-2 PALSAR-2) iek\u013c\u016bst apak\u0161\u0113j\u0101 vainag\u0101 un mijiedarbojas ar lielu koksnes biomasu, padarot to \u012bpa\u0161i piem\u0113rotu tropu me\u017eu AGB nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

    C joslas SAR (vi\u013c\u0146a garums aptuveni 5 cm, ko izmanto Sentinel-1) ir jut\u012bg\u0101ks pret virsmas vainagu strukt\u016bru un tiek pla\u0161i izmantots kult\u016braugu biomasas monitoringam.<\/p>\n

    P\u0113t\u012bjums, kas public\u0113ts Me\u017esaimniec\u012bbas p\u0113t\u012bjumu \u017eurn\u0101ls<\/em> (Springer Nature, 2021) atkl\u0101ja, ka gan L joslas ALOS-2, gan C joslas Sentinel-1 SAR dati \u013c\u0101va veikt apmierino\u0161us oglek\u013ca kr\u0101jumu nov\u0113rt\u0113jumus, kop\u0113jiem oglek\u013ca kr\u0101jumiem Vidusj\u016bras me\u017eu p\u0113t\u012bjumu apgabal\u0101 sasniedzot aptuveni 130 t\/ha<\/strong> virszem\u0113, pazem\u0113, atmiru\u0161aj\u0101 koksn\u0113, nobir\u0101s un augsnes baseinos kop\u0101.<\/p>\n

    3. LiDAR: Zelta standarts struktur\u0101laj\u0101 biomasas kart\u0113\u0161an\u0101<\/h3>\n

    LiDAR (gaismas noteik\u0161anas un diapazona noteik\u0161anas) tehnolo\u0123ija izstaro l\u0101zera impulsus un prec\u012bzi m\u0113ra to atstaro\u0161anas laiku no m\u0113r\u0137a virsmas. \u0160is laika m\u0113r\u012bjums tiek tie\u0161i p\u0101rveidots tr\u012bsdimensiju punktu m\u0101ko\u0146os (bl\u012bv\u0101s kart\u0113s, kur\u0101s prec\u012bzi nor\u0101d\u012bts, kur katrs l\u0101zera impulss atstaroj\u0101s), kas ar centimetru precizit\u0101ti atkl\u0101j vainaga augstumu, strukt\u016bru un zemes reljefa pac\u0113lumu.<\/p>\n

    Koku augstums ir viens no sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101kajiem virszemes biomasas prognoz\u0113t\u0101jiem \u2014 gar\u0101ki koki nes eksponenci\u0101li vair\u0101k biomasas nek\u0101 \u012bs\u0101ki. Ar LiDAR atvasin\u0101tie augstuma mode\u013ci apvienojum\u0101 ar lauka m\u0113r\u012bjumos izm\u0113r\u012btiem alometriskajiem vien\u0101dojumiem (sugai specifiskas matem\u0101tiskas attiec\u012bbas starp koku augstumu, diametru un masu) sniedz biomasas apr\u0113\u0137inus, kas me\u017eain\u0101s ainav\u0101s konsekventi p\u0101rsp\u0113j optisk\u0101s vai radara pieejas.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Frontiers in Plant Science atkl\u0101ja, ka nejau\u0161s me\u017ea modelis, kas integr\u0113 GEDI kosmos\u0101 eso\u0161\u0101s LiDAR p\u0113das, l\u0113\u0161, ka egles un baltegles biomasa sv\u0101rst\u0101s no 51,33 t\/hm\u00b2 l\u012bdz 179,83 t\/hm\u00b2<\/strong>, ar vid\u0113jo v\u0113rt\u012bbu 101,98 t\/hm\u00b2<\/strong>, \u0160angrila kalnu ekosist\u0113m\u0101 \u0136\u012bn\u0101.<\/p>\n

    Tas par\u0101da, k\u0101 kosmos\u0101 eso\u0161s LiDAR, m\u0113rogots ar ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161anos, var sniegt operacion\u0101li noder\u012bgas biomasas bl\u012bvuma v\u0113rt\u012bbas att\u0101l\u0101s kalnu ekosist\u0113m\u0101s bez lauka apkalpes piek\u013cuves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    NASA Glob\u0101l\u0101s ekosist\u0113mu dinamikas izp\u0113tes (GEDI) misija \u2014 daudzstaru vi\u013c\u0146u formas LiDAR instruments, kas uzst\u0101d\u012bts Starptautiskaj\u0101 kosmosa stacij\u0101, \u2014 ir pirm\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi kosmos\u0101 izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101 LiDAR sist\u0113ma glob\u0101lai biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai. GEDI v\u0101c datus no 51,6\u00b0N l\u012bdz 51,6\u00b0S platuma gr\u0101diem, aptverot pasaules galven\u0101s tropu un m\u0113ren\u0101s me\u017eu zonas.<\/p>\n

    4. Ar droniem balst\u012bta t\u0101lizp\u0113te: augstas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas lauka m\u0113rogs<\/h3>\n

    Bezpilota lidapar\u0101ti (UAV), ko parasti sauc par droniem, savieno satel\u012btu un lauka m\u0113r\u012bjumus. Drons ar RGB kamer\u0101m uz\u0146em centimetru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas att\u0113lus, kuros var redz\u0113t atsevi\u0161\u0137us augus.<\/p>\n

    Multispektr\u0101lie dronu sensori apr\u0113\u0137ina prec\u012bzus ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus zemes gabala m\u0113rog\u0101. Ar LiDAR apr\u012bkoti droni \u0123ener\u0113 bl\u012bvus punktu m\u0101ko\u0146us, kas \u013cauj nov\u0113rt\u0113t biomasu ar gais\u0101 eso\u0161a LiDAR struktur\u0101lo precizit\u0101ti par daudz zem\u0101k\u0101m izmaks\u0101m.<\/p>\n

    Augkop\u012bbas lauksaimniekiem \u012bpa\u0161i praktiska ir ar droniem veikta biomasas kart\u0113\u0161ana. Viens lidojums virs kvie\u0161u vai kukur\u016bzas lauka ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101 rada biomasas bl\u012bvuma karti, kur\u0101 atz\u012bm\u0113ti ra\u017eu ierobe\u017eojo\u0161ie plankumi \u2014 zonas ar zemu biomasas l\u012bmeni, kur\u0101m var b\u016bt nepiecie\u0161ams papildu m\u0113slojums vai ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana, pirms boj\u0101jumi k\u013c\u016bst neatgriezeniski.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksi, ko izmanto biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai<\/h2>\n

    Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksi ir matem\u0101tisks tilts starp neapstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101m spektr\u0101l\u0101s atstaro\u0161anas v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m un biolo\u0123isko inform\u0101ciju par augu bl\u012bvumu un vesel\u012bbu. Katrs indekss izmanto noteiktu elektromagn\u0113tisk\u0101 spektra da\u013cu, kur ve\u0123et\u0101cija uzvedas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

    Vispla\u0161\u0101k tiek izmantots NDVI (normaliz\u0113tais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas diferenci\u0101lais indekss). Tas dala starp\u012bbu starp tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 (NIR) un sarkan\u0101 starojuma atstaro\u0161anos ar to summu: NDVI = (NIR \u2013 sarkanais) \/ (NIR + sarkanais). V\u0113rt\u012bbas sv\u0101rst\u0101s no -1 l\u012bdz +1, vesel\u012bgai, bl\u012bvai ve\u0123et\u0101cijai parasti ir v\u0113rt\u012bba no 0,6 l\u012bdz 0,9.<\/p>\n

    NDVI ir cie\u0161i saist\u012bts ar lapu laukuma indeksu (LAI \u2014 kop\u0113j\u0101 vienpus\u0113j\u0101 lapu plat\u012bba uz zemes laukuma vien\u012bbu) un l\u012bdz ar to ar fotosint\u0113zes sp\u0113ju un biomasas uzkr\u0101\u0161anos.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • EVI (Uzlabots ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss)<\/strong> kori\u0123\u0113 atmosf\u0113ras ietekmi un augsnes fona trauc\u0113jumus, padarot to uzticam\u0101ku nek\u0101 NDVI tropu me\u017eos ar augstu biomasas saturu un apgabalos ar gai\u0161u vai atkl\u0101tu augsni.<\/li>\n
    • SAVI (augsnes kori\u0123\u0113tais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss)<\/strong> ietver augsnes spilgtuma korekcijas koeficientu, kas ir \u012bpa\u0161i svar\u012bgs sausos un da\u013c\u0113ji sausos lauksaimniec\u012bbas apst\u0101k\u013cos, kur kaila augsne starp kult\u016braugu rind\u0101m sp\u0113c\u012bgi ietekm\u0113 spektr\u0101lo sign\u0101lu.<\/li>\n
    • GNDVI (za\u013c\u0101s normaliz\u0113t\u0101 starp\u012bbas ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss)<\/strong> NDVI formul\u0101 sarkan\u0101s kr\u0101sas atstaro\u0161anu aizst\u0101j ar za\u013co kr\u0101su, padarot to jut\u012bg\u0101ku pret hlorofila koncentr\u0101cijas izmai\u0146\u0101m un noder\u012bgu kult\u016braugu biomasas monitoringam v\u0113l\u0101 sezon\u0101, kad vainagi jau ir piln\u012bb\u0101 aizv\u0113rti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u012apa\u0161i j\u0101piemin lapu laukuma indekss (LAI), jo tas ir gan t\u0101lizp\u0113tes rezult\u0101tu rezult\u0101ts, gan tie\u0161s biomasas uzkr\u0101\u0161an\u0101s virz\u012bt\u0101jsp\u0113ks. Augi ar augst\u0101ku LAI uztver vair\u0101k saules starojuma, piesaista vair\u0101k oglek\u013ca un ra\u017eo vair\u0101k biomasas. No t\u0101lizp\u0113tes ieg\u016bt\u0101s LAI kartes, kas \u0123ener\u0113tas no MODIS vai Sentinel-2 laika rind\u0101m, tie\u0161i tiek izmantotas kult\u016braugu aug\u0161anas mode\u013cos, kas simul\u0113 ra\u017eas veido\u0161anos un gal\u012bgo nov\u0101kto biomasu.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Galvenie datu avoti zemes biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai<\/h2>\n

      Pareiz\u0101 datu avota izv\u0113le ir atkar\u012bga no p\u0113t\u012bjuma m\u0113roga, ve\u0123et\u0101cijas veida, nepiecie\u0161am\u0101s telpisk\u0101s iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas un pieejam\u0101 bud\u017eeta. T\u0101l\u0101k ir nor\u0101d\u012btas galven\u0101s datu pl\u016bsmas, kas pa\u0161laik tiek izmantotas operat\u012bvaj\u0101 un p\u0113tniec\u012bbas l\u012bme\u0146a biomasas kart\u0113\u0161an\u0101. Bezmaksas, atv\u0113rtas piek\u013cuves satel\u012btu dati no Landsat un Sentinel zvaigzn\u0101ja ir demokratiz\u0113ju\u0161i biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anu, padarot to pieejamu p\u0113tniekiem un a\u0123ent\u016br\u0101m, kur\u0101m tr\u016bkst bud\u017eeta komerci\u0101liem att\u0113liem.<\/p>\n

      i. Landsat (NASA\/USGS):<\/strong> Vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50 gadu nep\u0101rtraukti dati, 30 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja, br\u012bva piek\u013cuve. Landsat laika rindas \u013cauj veikt biomasas izmai\u0146u v\u0113sturisku anal\u012bzi, s\u0101kot no 20.\u00a0gs. 70.\u00a0gadiem, nodro\u0161inot nep\u0101rsp\u0113jamu kontekstu me\u017eu izcir\u0161anas un zemes degrad\u0101cijas uzraudz\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

      ii. Sentinel-2 (EKA):<\/strong> 10 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja galvenaj\u0101s spektra josl\u0101s, 5 dienu atk\u0101rtota apmekl\u0113\u0161ana, bezmaksas piek\u013cuve. Sentinel-2 ir pa\u0161reiz\u0113jais standarts kult\u016braugu biomasas monitoringam un re\u0123ion\u0101lajiem me\u017eu nov\u0113rt\u0113jumiem, pateicoties t\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas un frekven\u010du kombin\u0101cijai.<\/p>\n

      iii. Sentinel-1 (EKA):<\/strong> C joslas SAR, pieejams jebkuros laikapst\u0101k\u013cos, br\u012bva piek\u013cuve. Sentinel-1 ir galvenais radara avots m\u0101ko\u0146u ietekm\u0113tu tropu monitoringam un kult\u016braugu biomasas monitoringam apgabalos, kur optisko datu nepiln\u012bbas ir past\u0101v\u012bga probl\u0113ma.<\/p>\n

      iv. MODIS (NASA):<\/strong> 250 m\u20131 km iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja, ikdienas glob\u0101ls p\u0101rkl\u0101jums. MODIS laika rindas ir ide\u0101li piem\u0113rotas kontinent\u0101la m\u0113roga biomasas izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161anai un sezon\u0101lai uzraudz\u012bbai, lai gan rupj\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja ierobe\u017eo lietder\u012bbu fragment\u0113t\u0101s ainav\u0101s.<\/p>\n

      pret PlanetScope:<\/strong> 3 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja, ikdienas apmekl\u0113jums, komerci\u0101ls abonements. PlanetScope nodro\u0161ina biomasas monitoringu individu\u0101l\u0101 lauka m\u0113rog\u0101, atbalstot prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas pielietojumus, kuros ir svar\u012bga apak\u0161lauka telpisk\u0101 main\u012bba.<\/p>\n

      vi. NASA GEDI LiDAR:<\/strong> 25 metru p\u0113das diametrs, glob\u0101ls tropu un m\u0113ren\u0101s joslas p\u0101rkl\u0101jums, bezmaksas datu produkti. GEDI ir galvenais kosmos\u0101 b\u0101z\u0113tais avots, kas sniedz datus par vainaga augstumu un AGB bl\u012bvumu glob\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101.<\/p>\n

      vii. ICESat-2 (NASA):<\/strong> Fotonu skait\u012b\u0161anas LiDAR ar glob\u0101lu p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu, \u012bpa\u0161i sp\u0113c\u012bgs vainagu augstuma m\u0113r\u012b\u0161anai augstcelt\u0146u me\u017eos un smalkas m\u0113roga augstuma izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      So\u013ci zemes biomasas apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101\u0161anai, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti<\/h2>\n

      Zemes biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datus, notiek saska\u0146\u0101 ar struktur\u0113tu darbpl\u016bsmu. Katrs solis ir atkar\u012bgs no iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 so\u013ca precizit\u0101tes. Neliela iepriek\u0161\u0113ja apstr\u0101de vai lauka valid\u0101cija noved pie k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m gal\u012bgaj\u0101 biomasas kart\u0113.<\/p>\n

      i. Izv\u0113lieties atbilsto\u0161us att\u0113lus:<\/strong> Izv\u0113lieties sensoru, telpisko iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju un laika periodu, pamatojoties uz m\u0113r\u0137a ekosist\u0113mu un p\u0113t\u012bjuma m\u0113r\u0137i. Me\u017ea biomasas monitoringam parasti ir nepiecie\u0161ami Sentinel-1 vai GEDI dati; kult\u016braugu biomasas monitoringam parasti tiek izmantoti Sentinel-2 vai dronu multispektr\u0101lie att\u0113li.<\/p>\n

      \"So\u013ci<\/p>\n

      ii. Att\u0113lu pirmapstr\u0101de:<\/strong> Lietojiet atmosf\u0113ras korekciju, lai neapstr\u0101d\u0101tus digit\u0101los skait\u013cus p\u0101rv\u0113rstu virsmas atstaro\u0161anas v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101s. Veiciet \u0123eometrisko korekciju, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu, ka att\u0113ls prec\u012bzi atbilst re\u0101l\u0101s pasaules koordin\u0101t\u0101m. No\u0146emiet ar m\u0101ko\u0146iem pies\u0101r\u0146otos pikse\u013cus un nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 aizst\u0101jiet tos, izmantojot laika kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101lu.<\/p>\n

      iii. Apr\u0113\u0137iniet ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus:<\/strong> Apr\u0113\u0137iniet NDVI, EVI, SAVI, GNDVI vai citus atbilsto\u0161us indeksus no kori\u0123\u0113taj\u0101m virsmas atstaro\u0161anas josl\u0101m. LiDAR datiem no punktu m\u0101ko\u0146a ieg\u016bstiet vainaga augstuma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus (maksim\u0101lo augstumu, 95.\u00a0procentiles augstumu, vid\u0113jo augstumu).<\/p>\n

      iv. Sav\u0101kt lauka biomasas paraugus:<\/strong> Izm\u0113riet virszemes biomasu reprezentat\u012bvos parauglaukumos p\u0113t\u012bjuma zon\u0101, izmantojot destrukt\u012bvu ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anu vai alometriskos vien\u0101dojumus, kas piem\u0113roti koku diametra un augstuma m\u0113r\u012bjumiem. \u0160\u012bs lauka v\u0113rt\u012bbas ir paties\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba uz zemes, kas ir mode\u013ca pamat\u0101.<\/p>\n

      v. Veidojiet prognoz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cus:<\/strong> Veiciet lauka biomasas m\u0113r\u012bjumu regresiju pret kopvietotajiem t\u0101lizp\u0113tes main\u012bgajiem (ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksiem, vainaga augstuma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem, SAR atstarot\u0101s gaismas v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m). Izmantojiet regresijas anal\u012bzi, nejau\u0161o me\u017eu, atbalsta vektoru ma\u0161\u012bnu vai neironu t\u012bkla pieejas atkar\u012bb\u0101 no attiec\u012bbu sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbas un pieejamo apm\u0101c\u012bbas datu apjoma.<\/p>\n

      vi. Mode\u013ca rezult\u0101tu valid\u0101cija:<\/strong> Izmantojiet iz\u0146\u0113muma valid\u0101cijas datu kopu (lauka diagrammas netiek izmantotas mode\u013ca apm\u0101c\u012bb\u0101), lai nov\u0113rt\u0113tu prognoz\u0113\u0161anas precizit\u0101ti. Zi\u0146ojiet par RMSE (vid\u0113jo kvadr\u0101tisko k\u013c\u016bdu), R\u00b2 (noteik\u0161anas koeficientu) un neobjektivit\u0101ti. Preciz\u0113jiet modeli, ja precizit\u0101te nav pietiekama.<\/p>\n

      vii. Biomasas kar\u0161u \u0123ener\u0113\u0161ana:<\/strong> Pielietojiet valid\u0113to modeli pilnam att\u0113la apjomam, izveidojot telpiski nep\u0101rtrauktu biomasas bl\u012bvuma karti, kur katrs pikselis satur prognoz\u0113to biomasas v\u0113rt\u012bbu Mg\/ha vai t\/ha.<\/p>\n

      \n

      \u017durn\u0101l\u0101 \u201cInternational Journal of Remote Sensing\u201d, kas public\u0113ts 2024.\u00a0gada febru\u0101r\u012b, tika konstat\u0113ts, ka, apvienojot GEDI LiDAR p\u0113das nospiedumus ar br\u012bvpieejas optiskajiem un radara datiem (Sentinel-1\/2), tika ieg\u016btas telpiski nep\u0101rtrauktas virszemes biomasas bl\u012bvuma kartes Indijas me\u017eos, un optim\u0101l\u0101 mode\u013ca konfigur\u0101cija iev\u0113rojami samazin\u0101ja prognoz\u0113\u0161anas nenoteikt\u012bbu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar viena avota pieej\u0101m.<\/p>\n

      Prakti\u0137iem tas apstiprina, ka vair\u0101ku datu pl\u016bsmu integr\u0113\u0161ana \u2014 nevis pa\u013cau\u0161an\u0101s uz vienu sensoru \u2014 sistem\u0101tiski uzlabo operat\u012bvo biomasas kar\u0161u uzticam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai izmantotie mode\u013ci un metodes<\/h2>\n

      Mode\u013ca izv\u0113le b\u016btiski ietekm\u0113 gan biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113mas precizit\u0101ti, gan visp\u0101rin\u0101m\u012bbu. Vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ki mode\u013ci ir caursp\u012bd\u012bg\u0101ki un uzticam\u0101k p\u0101rnesami uz jaun\u0101m atra\u0161an\u0101s viet\u0101m. Sare\u017e\u0123\u012bti ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s mode\u013ci no lieliem apm\u0101c\u012bbas datu kopumiem izspie\u017e liel\u0101ku precizit\u0101ti, ta\u010du tie var p\u0101r\u0101k labi atbilst viet\u0113jiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

      Emp\u012briskie regresijas mode\u013ci nosaka tie\u0161u matem\u0101tisku sakar\u012bbu starp lauka biomasu un t\u0101lizp\u0113tes main\u012bgajiem lielumiem, piem\u0113ram, line\u0101ru regresiju starp NDVI un kult\u016braugu sausnas ra\u017eu. \u0160os mode\u013cus ir viegli interpret\u0113t un \u0101tri apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t, ta\u010du tie darbojas slikti, ja spektr\u0101l\u0101s un biomasas sakar\u012bba nav line\u0101ra vai ja biomasas v\u0113rt\u012bbas aptver \u013coti pla\u0161u diapazonu.<\/p>\n

      Ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s metodes p\u0101rvar \u0161os ierobe\u017eojumus, apg\u016bstot sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas, neline\u0101ras attiec\u012bbas no datiem. Random Forest (l\u0113mumu koku ansamblis, kas apr\u0113\u0137ina vid\u0113jo aritm\u0113tisko no simtiem atsevi\u0161\u0137u koku prognoz\u0113m) pa\u0161laik ir vispla\u0161\u0101k izmantotais algoritms biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai gan me\u017esaimniec\u012bb\u0101, gan lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

      P\u0113t\u012bjums, kas public\u0113ts Augu zin\u0101tnes robe\u017eas<\/em> (2024.\u00a0gada decembr\u012b) tika pier\u0101d\u012bts, ka Random Forest, pielietojot to GEDI un vair\u0101ku avotu t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datiem, ieguva eg\u013cu un balteg\u013cu me\u017eu biomasas apl\u0113ses ar iev\u0113rojami augst\u0101ku R\u00b2 nek\u0101 viena sensora regresijas pieejas.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Atbalsta vektoru ma\u0161\u012bna (SVM):<\/strong> Atrod optim\u0101lo atdal\u012b\u0161anas robe\u017eu starp biomasas klas\u0113m augstas dimensijas paz\u012bmju telp\u0101. SVM labi darbojas ar maziem un vid\u0113jiem apm\u0101c\u012bbas datu kopumiem un ir notur\u012bgs pret p\u0101rapstr\u0101di, ja tas ir pareizi regulariz\u0113ts.<\/li>\n
      • Neironu t\u012bkli un dzi\u013c\u0101 m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s:<\/strong> Konvolucion\u0101lie neironu t\u012bkli (CNN) un hibr\u012bd\u0101s CNN-LSTM arhitekt\u016bras vienlaikus apstr\u0101d\u0101 telpiskos un laika mode\u013cus att\u0113los. 2024. gad\u0101 public\u0113ts p\u0113t\u012bjums T\u0101lizp\u0113te (MDPI)<\/em> Sal\u012bdzinot RF, CNN un CNN-LSTM mode\u013cus me\u017ea biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai Hand\u017eou, \u0136\u012bn\u0101, tika atkl\u0101ts, ka dzi\u013c\u0101s m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s mode\u013ci uztv\u0113ra telpisko kontekstu, ko viena punkta regresijas metodes piln\u012bb\u0101 neizmantoja.<\/li>\n
      • Hibr\u012bda mode\u013ci:<\/strong> Apvienojiet fiziskos ve\u0123et\u0101cijas mode\u013cus (kas simul\u0113 augu aug\u0161anu, pamatojoties uz radi\u0101ciju un \u016bdens piepl\u016bdi) ar statistiskiem vai ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s kalibr\u0113\u0161anas sl\u0101\u0146iem. \u0160\u012bs pieejas tiek arvien vair\u0101k atbalst\u012btas, jo t\u0101s veido fiziski re\u0101listiskus biomasas apr\u0113\u0137inus, kas visp\u0101rin\u0101s da\u017e\u0101dos re\u0123ionos, nepa\u013caujoties tikai uz viet\u0113jiem apm\u0101c\u012bbas datiem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Faktori, kas ietekm\u0113 biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas precizit\u0101ti<\/h2>\n

        Pat vislab\u0101k\u0101 sensora un mode\u013ca kombin\u0101cija rada neuzticamas biomasas kartes, ja pamat\u0101 eso\u0161o datu kvalit\u0101te ir slikta vai ja fizisk\u0101 vide rada trok\u0161\u0146a avotus. \u0160o precizit\u0101ti ierobe\u017eojo\u0161o faktoru izpratne ir b\u016btiska ikvienam, kas izstr\u0101d\u0101 biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anas programmu.<\/p>\n

        1. Bl\u012bva me\u017ea sign\u0101la pies\u0101tin\u0101jums:<\/strong> Tropu me\u017eos ar augstu biomasas saturu optiskie un C joslas SAR sign\u0101li pies\u0101tin\u0101s \u2014 tie p\u0101rst\u0101j pieaugt pat tad, ja biomasa turpina pieaugt. NDVI pies\u0101tin\u0101s pie AGB v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, kas p\u0101rsniedz aptuveni 150\u2013200 mg\/ha<\/strong>, padarot to neuzticamu vecos tropu me\u017eos, kur biomasa var sasniegt 400\u2013600 Mg\/ha. L-joslas SAR un LiDAR pies\u0101tin\u0101s pie daudz augst\u0101k\u0101m biomasas v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m un ir v\u0113lam\u0101kas \u0161\u0101d\u0101s vid\u0113s.<\/p>\n

        \"Faktori,<\/p>\n

        2. Sezon\u0101l\u0101s sv\u0101rst\u012bbas:<\/strong> Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas atstaro\u0161anas sp\u0113ja iev\u0113rojami main\u0101s da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s sezon\u0101s. NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bba kvie\u0161u lauk\u0101 apr\u012bl\u012b atspogu\u013co principi\u0101li at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu biomasas st\u0101vokli nek\u0101 taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 lauk\u0101 august\u0101. Mode\u013ciem j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 sezon\u0101l\u0101 dinamika vai tie j\u0101kalibr\u0113 atsevi\u0161\u0137i katrai fenolo\u0123iskajai stadijai.<\/p>\n

        3. M\u0101ko\u0146u segas trauc\u0113jumi:<\/strong> Optiskie sensori zaud\u0113 datus visur, kur ir m\u0101ko\u0146i. Mitros tropu re\u0123ionos m\u0101ko\u0146u pies\u0101r\u0146ojums var ietekm\u0113t vair\u0101k nek\u0101 70% att\u0113lu ieg\u016b\u0161ana<\/strong> konkr\u0113taj\u0101 gad\u0101, kam nepiecie\u0161amas radara vai LiDAR alternat\u012bvas vai daudzgadu kompoz\u012bcijas strat\u0113\u0123ijas.<\/p>\n

        4. Jaukti pikse\u013ci:<\/strong> Pie m\u0113renas telpisk\u0101s iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas (30 m\u2013250 m) viens att\u0113la pikselis bie\u017ei satur da\u017e\u0101du kult\u016braugu veidu, kailas augsnes un \u016bdens sajaukumu. Spektr\u0101lais sign\u0101ls atspogu\u013co visu \u0161o virsmu vid\u0113jo v\u0113rt\u012bbu, kas at\u0161\u0137aida ve\u0123et\u0101cijas sign\u0101lu un rada sistem\u0101tiskas k\u013c\u016bdas biomasas prognoz\u0113s.<\/p>\n

        5. Reljefa ietekme:<\/strong> Sl\u012bpums maina gan saules apgaismojuma, gan sensora skata le\u0146\u0137a \u0123eometriju, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di mainot sensor\u0101 re\u0123istr\u0113t\u0101s atstaro\u0161anas v\u0113rt\u012bbas. Kalnu apgabalos pirms jebkura biomasas mode\u013ca uzticamas pielieto\u0161anas ir nepiecie\u0161ama topogr\u0101fisk\u0101 korekcija.<\/p>\n

        \n

        P\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 tika atkl\u0101ts, ka GEDI L4A virszemes biomasas bl\u012bvuma reizin\u0101jums uzr\u0101d\u012bja novirzes no -54,24 l\u012bdz +106,23 Mg\/ha<\/strong> da\u017e\u0101dos me\u017eu tipos Laos\u0101, sal\u012bdzinot ar Nacion\u0101l\u0101s me\u017eu inventariz\u0101cijas atsauces datiem.<\/p>\n

        Tas apstiprina, ka pat glob\u0101li valid\u0113tiem kosmos\u0101 b\u0101z\u0113tiem LiDAR produktiem ir nepiecie\u0161ama lok\u0101la atk\u0101rtota kalibr\u0113\u0161ana, lai sniegtu operacion\u0101li pie\u0146emamus biomasas apr\u0113\u0137inus konkr\u0113tos valsts vai re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101 kontekst\u0101.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Zemes biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anas pielietojums da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s nozar\u0113s<\/h2>\n

        No t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datiem \u0123ener\u0113t\u0101s zemes biomasas kartes tiek izmantotas praktiskai l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161anai iev\u0113rojami pla\u0161\u0101 nozaru kl\u0101st\u0101, s\u0101kot no vald\u012bbas klimata zi\u0146ojumu snieg\u0161anas l\u012bdz individu\u0101lu saimniec\u012bbu p\u0101rvald\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

        Me\u017ea apsaimnieko\u0161anas a\u0123ent\u016bras<\/strong> Izmantojiet biomasas kartes, lai noteiktu priorit\u0101ti cir\u0161anas blokiem, nov\u0113rt\u0113tu ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu ra\u017eu un dokument\u0113tu atbilst\u012bbu sertifik\u0101cijas standartiem. Piln\u012bgas biomasas kartes aizst\u0101j d\u0101rgas, uz paraugiem balst\u012btas me\u017ea inventariz\u0101cijas re\u0123ionos, kur piek\u013cuve laukiem ir lo\u0123istiski sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta vai p\u0101r\u0101k d\u0101rga.<\/p>\n

        Oglek\u013ca kr\u0101jumu nov\u0113rt\u0113jums<\/strong> ir viens no ekonomiski noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101kajiem pielietojumiem. Katrs Mg virszemes biomasas satur aptuveni 0,47 Mg oglek\u013ca<\/strong> (IPCC standarta konversijas koeficients). T\u0101p\u0113c prec\u012bzas biomasas kartes tiek tie\u0161i p\u0101rnestas uz p\u0101rbaud\u012bt\u0101m oglek\u013ca inventariz\u0101ciju, kas ir REDD+ maks\u0101jumu un br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgo oglek\u013ca tirgus kred\u012btu pamat\u0101. P\u0101rbaud\u012bta biomasas karte, kas aptver 500\u00a0000 hekt\u0101ru tropu me\u017eu koncesiju, var p\u0101rst\u0101v\u0113t simtiem miljonu dol\u0101ru oglek\u013ca akt\u012bvos.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba:<\/strong> No dronu vai Sentinel-2 att\u0113liem ieg\u016bt\u0101s kult\u016braugu biomasas kartes identific\u0113 augu aug\u0161anas main\u012bgumu apak\u0161lauk\u0101, nodro\u0161inot main\u012bgas devas m\u0113slojuma un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas lieto\u0161anu, kas samazina izejvielu izmaksas, vienlaikus aizsarg\u0101jot ra\u017eu.<\/li>\n
        • Me\u017ea ugunsgr\u0113ku degvielas nov\u0113rt\u0113jums:<\/strong> Atmirusi koksne un saus\u0101 z\u0101laugu biomasa atspogu\u013co ugunsgr\u0113kiem pieejamo kurin\u0101mo. T\u0101lizp\u0113tes ieg\u016bt\u0101s kurin\u0101m\u0101 kartes vada noteiktas dedzin\u0101\u0161anas programmas un me\u017ea ugunsgr\u0113ku ierobe\u017eo\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161anu ugunsgr\u0113kiem pak\u013caut\u0101s ainav\u0101s.<\/li>\n
        • Biolo\u0123isk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas saglab\u0101\u0161ana:<\/strong> Augstas biomasas, struktur\u0101li sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta ve\u0123et\u0101cija parasti nodro\u0161ina liel\u0101ku sugu daudzveid\u012bbu. Biomasas kartes pal\u012bdz noteikt priorit\u0101r\u0101s aizsarg\u0101jam\u0101s teritorijas un laika gait\u0101 izsekot atjaunoto dz\u012bvot\u0146u atjauno\u0161anos.<\/li>\n
        • Bioener\u0123ijas pl\u0101no\u0161ana:<\/strong> Vald\u012bbas un ener\u0123\u0113tikas uz\u0146\u0113mumi izmanto t\u0101lizp\u0113tes biomasas datus, lai nov\u0113rt\u0113tu lauksaimniec\u012bbas atlikumu un koksnes biomasas ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu pieg\u0101di bioener\u0123ijas ra\u017eo\u0161anai, nodro\u0161inot, ka ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas tempi nep\u0101rsniedz ekosist\u0113mas atjauno\u0161an\u0101s sp\u0113ju.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          <\/p>\n

          T\u0101lizp\u0113tes priek\u0161roc\u012bbas biomasas apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101\u0161an\u0101<\/h2>\n

          Uz t\u0101lizp\u0113ti balst\u012bta biomasas kart\u0113\u0161ana pied\u0101v\u0101 t\u0101du iesp\u0113ju kombin\u0101ciju, k\u0101da nav pieejama nevienai uz zemes balst\u012btai pieejai. \u0160\u012bs priek\u0161roc\u012bbas izskaidro, k\u0101p\u0113c p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s desmitgades laik\u0101 \u0161\u012b tehnolo\u0123ija desmitiem valstu ir p\u0101rg\u0101jusi no eksperiment\u0101la uz operat\u012bvo statusu.<\/p>\n

          Nesagraujo\u0161\u0101 m\u0113r\u012b\u0161ana, iesp\u0113jams, ir visfundament\u0101l\u0101k\u0101 priek\u0161roc\u012bba. T\u0101lizp\u0113te apkopo inform\u0101ciju par ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, to nenov\u0101cot, neapgrie\u017eot vai netrauc\u0113jot. Tas \u013cauj veikt atk\u0101rtotus m\u0113r\u012bjumus tie\u0161i taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 viet\u0101, kas ir b\u016btiski, lai noteiktu biomasas izmai\u0146as laika gait\u0101 \u2014 r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js, kam ir visliel\u0101k\u0101 noz\u012bme oglek\u013ca uzskait\u0113 un ekosist\u0113mu uzraudz\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Liela m\u0113roga p\u0101rkl\u0101jums ar zem\u0101m robe\u017eizmaks\u0101m:<\/strong> Kad sensors un apstr\u0101des process ir uzst\u0101d\u012bts, izmaksas par v\u0113l viena miljona hekt\u0101ru pievieno\u0161anu biomasas apsekojumam b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 ir nulle. \u0160\u012b izmaksu strukt\u016bra ir apgriezta lauka apsekojumiem, kur izmaksas line\u0101ri palielin\u0101s l\u012bdz ar plat\u012bbu.<\/li>\n
          • Bie\u017ei laika atjaunin\u0101jumi:<\/strong> Sentinel-2 ik p\u0113c 5 dien\u0101m atgrie\u017eas jebkur\u0101 Zemes viet\u0101. \u0160\u012b bie\u017eums \u013cauj veikt biomasas monitoringu vis\u0101 aug\u0161anas sezon\u0101, fiks\u0113jot dinamiskas izmai\u0146as, kuras vienreiz\u0113ji ikgad\u0113ji lauka apsekojumi piln\u012bb\u0101 nepamana.<\/li>\n
          • V\u0113sturisk\u0101s anal\u012bzes iesp\u0113jas:<\/strong> Landsat arh\u012bv\u0101 ir att\u0113li, s\u0101kot no 1972.\u00a0gada. P\u0113tnieki var rekonstru\u0113t v\u0113sturisk\u0101s biomasas trajektorijas, lai kvantitat\u012bvi noteiktu kumulat\u012bvo me\u017eu izcir\u0161anu, nov\u0113rt\u0113tu ekosist\u0113mas atjauno\u0161anos p\u0113c trauc\u0113jumiem vai noteiktu pirms trauc\u0113jumiem eso\u0161os s\u0101kotn\u0113jos apst\u0101k\u013cus kompens\u0101cijas pras\u012bbu iesnieg\u0161anai.<\/li>\n
          • Uzlabota l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161ana zemes apsaimniekot\u0101jiem:<\/strong> Telpiski prec\u012bzas biomasas kartes atkl\u0101j, kur ainav\u0101 biomasa uzkr\u0101jas, samazin\u0101s vai ir stabila, sniedzot zemes apsaimniekot\u0101jiem telpisko precizit\u0101ti, lai m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi veiktu intervences tur, kur t\u0101m b\u016bs visliel\u0101k\u0101 ietekme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            <\/p>\n

            Ierobe\u017eojumi un izaicin\u0101jumi t\u0101lizp\u0113tes biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161an\u0101<\/h2>\n

            T\u0101lizp\u0113tes biomasas kart\u0113\u0161ana ir jaud\u012bga, ta\u010du tai ir re\u0101li tehniski ierobe\u017eojumi, kas prakti\u0137iem ir j\u0101saprot, pirms pa\u013caujas uz rezult\u0101tiem, pie\u0146emot svar\u012bgus l\u0113mumus.<\/p>\n

            Sign\u0101la pies\u0101tin\u0101jums bl\u012bvos me\u017eos joproj\u0101m ir neatrisin\u0101ta probl\u0113ma optiskajiem un C joslas radaru sensoriem. Koku vainagiem saraujoties un biomasai uzkr\u0101joties virs sensoram noteikt\u0101 sliek\u0161\u0146a, spektr\u0101lais jeb atstarotais sign\u0101ls vairs nepalielin\u0101s l\u012bdz ar biomasas pieaugumu.<\/p>\n

            LiDAR nov\u0113r\u0161 \u0161o probl\u0113mu, jo tas m\u0113ra fizisko strukt\u016bru, nevis spektr\u0101lo atstaro\u0161anos, ta\u010du LiDAR datu v\u0101k\u0161ana no gaisa joproj\u0101m ir d\u0101rga, un kosmos\u0101 eso\u0161s LiDAR, piem\u0113ram, GEDI, nodro\u0161ina retus, atsevi\u0161\u0137us apgabalus, nevis p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu no sienas l\u012bdz sienai.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Lauka valid\u0101cija ir oblig\u0101ta:<\/strong> Neviens t\u0101lizp\u0113tes modelis nesniedz ticamus biomasas apr\u0113\u0137inus bez kalibr\u0113\u0161anas un valid\u0101cijas, sal\u012bdzinot ar faktiskajiem lauka m\u0113r\u012bjumiem. Lauka datu kvalit\u0101te tie\u0161i nosaka gal\u012bg\u0101s kartes kvalit\u0101ti, un reprezentat\u012bvu lauka datu v\u0101k\u0161ana heterog\u0113n\u0101s ainav\u0101s ir gan d\u0101rga, gan tehniski sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta.<\/li>\n
            • Atmosf\u0113ras ietekme prasa r\u016bp\u012bgu korekciju:<\/strong> Aerosoli, \u016bdens tvaiki un ozons izklied\u0113 un absorb\u0113 ien\u0101ko\u0161o un atstaroto saules starojumu, mainot spektr\u0101lo sign\u0101lu, pirms tas sasniedz sensoru. Nepareiza vai nepiln\u012bga atmosf\u0113ras korekcija rada sistem\u0101tiskas k\u013c\u016bdas, kas izplat\u0101s vis\u0101 biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas darbpl\u016bsm\u0101.<\/li>\n
            • Datu apstr\u0101dei nepiecie\u0161amas specializ\u0113tas zin\u0101\u0161anas:<\/strong> Darbam ar t\u0101lizp\u0113tes laika rind\u0101m pla\u0161\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101 ir nepiecie\u0161amas zin\u0101\u0161anas par \u0123eogr\u0101fisk\u0101s inform\u0101cijas sist\u0113m\u0101m (\u0122IS), programm\u0113\u0161anas valod\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, Python vai R, un m\u0101kon\u012b balst\u012bt\u0101m \u0123eotelpiskaj\u0101m platform\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, Google Earth Engine. \u0160is tehniskais \u0161\u0137\u0113rslis ierobe\u017eo \u0161\u012bs tehnolo\u0123ijas izmanto\u0161anu agronomu un zemes apsaimniekot\u0101ju vid\u016b bez datu zin\u0101tnes pieredzes.<\/li>\n
            • Mode\u013ca nenoteikt\u012bba pieaug l\u012bdz ar att\u0101lumu no apm\u0101c\u012bbas datiem:<\/strong> Biomasas modelis, kas kalibr\u0113ts Braz\u012blijas Amazones me\u017e\u0101, var darboties slikti, ja to p\u0101rnes uz struktur\u0101li at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu Rietum\u0101frikas me\u017eu, pat ja abi tiek klasific\u0113ti k\u0101 tropu mitrie me\u017ei. Re\u0123ion\u0101lie kalibr\u0113\u0161anas datu kopumi ir b\u016btiski, lai saglab\u0101tu precizit\u0101ti \u0123eogr\u0101fiski at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bg\u0101s p\u0113t\u012bjumu teritorij\u0101s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              <\/p>\n

              N\u0101kotnes tendences t\u0101lizp\u0113tes biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161an\u0101<\/h2>\n

              Zemes biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123iju ainava strauji att\u012bst\u0101s. Vair\u0101kas konver\u0123\u0113jo\u0161as tendences, dom\u0101jams, b\u016btiski uzlabos biomasas apr\u0113\u0137inu precizit\u0101ti, pieejam\u012bbu un operacion\u0101lo m\u0113rogojam\u012bbu n\u0101kamo piecu l\u012bdz desmit gadu laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

              Ar m\u0101ksl\u012bgo intelektu darbin\u0101ta biomasas kart\u0113\u0161ana ir vistransform\u0113jo\u0161\u0101k\u0101 notieko\u0161\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bba. Dzi\u013c\u0101s m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s arhitekt\u016bras \u2014 \u012bpa\u0161i konvolucion\u0101lie un transformatoru mode\u013ci \u2014 vienlaikus apstr\u0101d\u0101 pilnu spektr\u0101lo, telpisko un laika inform\u0101ciju satel\u012btu laika rind\u0101s, ieg\u016bstot biomasas sign\u0101lus, ko vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ki mode\u013ci nevar noteikt.<\/p>\n

              M\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta un ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s integr\u0101cija t\u0101lizp\u0113t\u0113 pieauga par 35% laik\u0101 no 2021. l\u012bdz 2026. gadam<\/strong>, saska\u0146\u0101 ar Business Research Insights, fundament\u0101li p\u0101rveidojot to, k\u0101 ve\u0123et\u0101cijas dati tiek analiz\u0113ti pla\u0161\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101.<\/p>\n

              Eiropas Kosmosa a\u0123ent\u016bras BIOMASS misija, kas tika uzs\u0101kta 2024. gad\u0101, nes pirmo kosmos\u0101 nog\u0101d\u0101to P joslas SAR, kas \u012bpa\u0161i izstr\u0101d\u0101ts tropu me\u017eu biomasas monitoringam. P joslas sign\u0101li (vi\u013c\u0146a garums aptuveni 70 cm) iek\u013c\u016bst dzi\u013ci me\u017eu vainagos, sasniedzot koksnainus stubl\u0101jus un lielus zarus, kuriem \u012bs\u0101ka vi\u013c\u0146a garuma radari nevar piek\u013c\u016bt.<\/p>\n

              P\u0113t\u012bjums public\u0113ts Zin\u0101tniskie zi\u0146ojumi<\/em> (2023.\u00a0gada apr\u012bl\u012b) tika pier\u0101d\u012bts, ka P joslas TomoSAR (tomogr\u0101fiskais SAR\u00a0\u2014 metode, kas rekonstru\u0113 tr\u012bsdimensiju me\u017ea strukt\u016bru no vair\u0101k\u0101m radara caurlaid\u0113m) sniedza daudzsolo\u0161us AGB apr\u0113\u0137inus bl\u012bvos tropu me\u017eos Fran\u010du Gvi\u0101n\u0101, sniedzot priek\u0161statu par to, ko BIOMASS misija sniegs operacion\u0101laj\u0101 jom\u0101.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Vair\u0101ku sensoru datu apvieno\u0161ana pla\u0161\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101:<\/strong> Algoritmi, kas autom\u0101tiski apvieno optisk\u0101s, radara un LiDAR datu pl\u016bsmas, pie\u0161\u0137irot katram sensoram svaru atbilsto\u0161i t\u0101 uzticam\u012bbai noteikt\u0101 ekosist\u0113m\u0101 un sezon\u0101, p\u0101riet no eksperiment\u0101liem prototipiem uz operat\u012bviem r\u012bkiem, kas izvietoti m\u0101ko\u0146platform\u0101s.<\/li>\n
              • Biomasas monitorings re\u0101llaik\u0101 un gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaik\u0101:<\/strong> M\u0101kon\u012b balst\u012btas \u0123eotelpisk\u0101s platformas, piem\u0113ram, Google Earth Engine un Microsoft Planetary Computer, tagad nodro\u0161ina nep\u0101rtrauktu, automatiz\u0113tu ien\u0101ko\u0161o satel\u012btu datu pl\u016bsmu apstr\u0101di. Vair\u0101k\u0101s tropu valst\u012bs jau darbojas gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaika me\u017eu izcir\u0161anas br\u012bdin\u0101jumi, kas tiek aktiviz\u0113ti 24\u201348 stundu laik\u0101 p\u0113c me\u017eu izcir\u0161anas notikumiem.<\/li>\n
              • Digit\u0101lie dv\u012b\u0146i prec\u012bzajai lauksaimniec\u012bbai:<\/strong> Integr\u0113jot no t\u0101lizp\u0113tes ieg\u016btus biomasas datus ar augsnes sensoriem, laikapst\u0101k\u013cu mode\u013ciem un kult\u016braugu simul\u0101cijas mode\u013ciem, tiek rad\u012bti saimniec\u012bbas m\u0113roga digit\u0101lie dv\u012b\u0146i \u2014 re\u0101lu lauku virtu\u0101las kopijas, kas \u013cauj lauksaimniekiem p\u0101rbaud\u012bt apsaimnieko\u0161anas scen\u0101rijus pirms to ievie\u0161anas re\u0101laj\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/li>\n
              • Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas integr\u0101cija:<\/strong> Pieejamu dronu sensoru, satel\u012btu laika rindu un m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta vad\u012btas anal\u012btikas konver\u0123ence pirmo reizi padara lauka m\u0113roga biomasas monitoringu finansi\u0101li pieejamu ne tikai p\u0113tniec\u012bbas iest\u0101d\u0113m un vald\u012bbas a\u0123ent\u016br\u0101m, bet ar\u012b individu\u0101liem lauksaimniekiem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \n

                P\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 atkl\u0101j\u0101s, ka, apvienojot nejau\u0161o me\u017eu mode\u013cus ar multimod\u0101liem t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datiem no Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 un gaisa LiDAR, tika ieg\u016bti AGB apr\u0113\u0137ini jauktos m\u0113ren\u0101s joslas me\u017eos ar iev\u0113rojami zem\u0101ku prognoz\u0113\u0161anas nenoteikt\u012bbu nek\u0101 jebkura viena sensora pieeja, demonstr\u0113jot sensoru sapludin\u0101\u0161anas operacion\u0101lo v\u0113rt\u012bbu pat ar standarta bezmaksas satel\u012btu datiem.<\/p>\n

                Prakti\u0137iem tas uzsver, ka eso\u0161o bezmaksas datu avotu apvienojums ar labi izstr\u0101d\u0101tiem ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s kan\u0101liem jau nodro\u0161ina p\u0113tniec\u012bbas l\u012bme\u0146a biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anas iesp\u0113jas, neprasot d\u0101rgu jaunu aparat\u016bru.<\/p>\n

                Bie\u017e\u0101k uzdotie jaut\u0101jumi<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

                1. Kur\u0161 satel\u012bts ir vislab\u0101kais biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai? <\/strong>Nav viena lab\u0101k\u0101 satel\u012bta vis\u0101m situ\u0101cij\u0101m. Sentinel-2 ir vispla\u0161\u0101k izmantotais satel\u012bts kult\u016braugu un vid\u0113jas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas me\u017ea biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anai. GEDI LiDAR sniedz visprec\u012bz\u0101kos datus par koku lapotuma augstumu me\u017ea AGB. Sentinel-1 SAR ir v\u0113lam\u0101 izv\u0113le m\u0101ko\u0146u skartajos tropiskajos apgabalos. Vislab\u0101k\u0101 darb\u012bbas pieeja apvieno vair\u0101kus sensorus.<\/p>\n

                2. Vai droni var prec\u012bzi nov\u0113rt\u0113t biomasu?<\/strong> J\u0101. Droni, kas apr\u012bkoti ar multispektr\u0101laj\u0101m kamer\u0101m vai LiDAR sensoriem, var nov\u0113rt\u0113t kult\u016braugu un nelielu plat\u012bbu me\u017ea biomasu ar \u013coti augstu telpisko iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju. Ar droniem balst\u012bti kult\u016braugu biomasas apr\u0113\u0137ini parasti sasniedz R\u00b2 = 0,80\u20130,95 korel\u0101ciju ar lauka m\u0113r\u012bjumiem, ja lidojumi ir saska\u0146oti ar atbilsto\u0161\u0101m aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101m un spektr\u0101lie sensori ir pareizi kalibr\u0113ti.<\/p>\n

                3. Cik prec\u012bza ir t\u0101lizp\u0113tes biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana?<\/strong> Precizit\u0101te iev\u0113rojami at\u0161\u0137iras atkar\u012bb\u0101 no sensoru veida, ekosist\u0113mas un mode\u013ca pieejas. M\u0113ren\u0101s joslas me\u017eos ar labu LiDAR p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu biomasas kartes var sasniegt RMSE v\u0113rt\u012bbas 20\u201340 Mg\/ha. Bl\u012bvumos tropu me\u017eos tikai optisk\u0101s pieejas sign\u0101la pies\u0101tin\u0101juma d\u0113\u013c var uzr\u0101d\u012bt RMSE v\u0113rt\u012bbas 60\u2013100 Mg\/ha. Vair\u0101ku sensoru sapl\u016b\u0161anas mode\u013ci konsekventi p\u0101rsp\u0113j viena sensora pieejas.<\/p>\n

                4. K\u0101p\u0113c biomasas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana ir svar\u012bga klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146u kontekst\u0101?<\/strong> Me\u017ei un lauksaimniec\u012bbas ainavas sav\u0101 biomas\u0101 uzglab\u0101 milz\u012bgu daudzumu oglek\u013ca. Me\u017eu izcir\u0161ana un zemes degrad\u0101cija atbr\u012bvo \u0161o uzkr\u0101to oglekli atmosf\u0113r\u0101 k\u0101 CO\u2082, pa\u0101trinot klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146as. Prec\u012bzas biomasas kartes nodro\u0161ina pamatu oglek\u013ca kr\u0101jumu p\u0101rbaudei, me\u017eu zuduma uzraudz\u012bbai un me\u017eu atjauno\u0161anas un saglab\u0101\u0161anas programmu efektivit\u0101tes kvantitat\u012bvai noteik\u0161anai saska\u0146\u0101 ar starptautiskiem klimata ietvariem, piem\u0113ram, REDD+.<\/p>\n

                5. Vai t\u0101lizp\u0113te var nov\u0113rt\u0113t pazemes biomasu? <\/strong>Ar t\u0101lizp\u0113tes pal\u012bdz\u012bbu nevar tie\u0161i izm\u0113r\u012bt pazemes biomasu. Tom\u0113r sak\u0146u un dzinumu attiec\u012bbas koeficientus, kas ieg\u016bti no lauka p\u0113t\u012bjumiem un ko public\u0113ju\u0161as t\u0101das organiz\u0101cijas k\u0101 IPCC, parasti apr\u0113\u0137ina p\u0113c sak\u0146u un dzinumu attiec\u012bbas. Sugai specifisk\u0101s sak\u0146u un dzinumu attiec\u012bbas liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 me\u017ea ekosist\u0113mu sv\u0101rst\u0101s no 0,15 l\u012bdz 0,40, kas \u013cauj veikt netie\u0161u sak\u0146u un dzinumu nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu visur, kur ir pieejamas pazemes biomasas kartes.<\/p>\n

                <\/p>\n

                Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n

                Ar t\u0101lizp\u0113tes pal\u012bdz\u012bbu apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t\u0101 zemes biomasa ir p\u0101rliecino\u0161i att\u012bst\u012bjusies no specializ\u0113tas p\u0113tniec\u012bbas metodes uz operacion\u0101lu sp\u0113ju ar tie\u0161u ietekmi uz p\u0101rtikas ra\u017eo\u0161anu, me\u017eu p\u0101rvald\u012bbu un klimata politiku. Bezmaksas satel\u012btdatu, pieejamu m\u0101ko\u0146dato\u0161anas platformu un arvien jaud\u012bg\u0101ku ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s r\u012bku konver\u0123ence ir padar\u012bjusi ainavas m\u0113roga biomasas kart\u0113\u0161anu pieejamu arvien liel\u0101kam skaitam organiz\u0101ciju vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

                T\u0101lizp\u0113tes loma klimata monitoring\u0101 tikai pieaugs, papla\u0161inoties oglek\u013ca tirgiem, pastiprinoties me\u017eu izcir\u0161anas monitoringa saist\u012bb\u0101m un pieaugot piepras\u012bjumam p\u0113c p\u0101rbaud\u012btiem oglek\u013ca kr\u0101jumu datiem vis\u0101 pasaules ekonomik\u0101. T\u0101 k\u0101 BIOMASS satel\u012bta misija tagad ir s\u0101kusi darboties, GEDI turpina papla\u0161in\u0101t savu glob\u0101lo datu kopu un m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta mode\u013ci iev\u0113rojami uzlabo apr\u0113\u0137inu precizit\u0101ti, izmantojot vair\u0101ku sensoru datu sapludin\u0101\u0161anu, sp\u0113ja prec\u012bzi zin\u0101t, kur biomasa uzkr\u0101jas, samazin\u0101s vai saglab\u0101jas stabila uz Zemes sauszemes virsmas, ir sasniedzama.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                T\u0101lizp\u0113tes tehnolo\u0123ija ir fundament\u0101li main\u012bjusi to, k\u0101 m\u0113s m\u0113r\u0101m, uzraug\u0101m un p\u0101rvald\u0101m m\u016bsu plan\u0113tas sauszemes virsmas dz\u012bvo masu. Zemes biomasa, kas apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ta, izmantojot att\u0101l\u0101s\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":13943,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1378],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-remote-sensing"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Land Biomass Is Calculated Using Remote Sensing - 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