{"id":13324,"date":"2026-05-31T20:21:25","date_gmt":"2026-05-31T18:21:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=13324"},"modified":"2026-05-31T20:47:12","modified_gmt":"2026-05-31T18:47:12","slug":"risu-audzesanas-modela-un-kulturas-tipa-kartesana-izmantojot-talizpeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/mapping-rice-cropping-pattern-and-cultural-type-using-remote-sensing\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ca un kult\u016bras tipa kart\u0113\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti"},"content":{"rendered":"

R\u012bsi baro vair\u0101k nek\u0101 3,5 miljardus cilv\u0113ku vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113, tom\u0113r maz\u0101k nek\u0101 601\u00a0TP3\u00a0T r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas plat\u012bbu ir apr\u012bkotas ar prec\u012bz\u0101m un atjaunin\u0101t\u0101m audz\u0113\u0161anas kart\u0113m, liecina Starptautisk\u0101 r\u012bsu p\u0113tniec\u012bbas instit\u016bta (IRRI) 2024.\u00a0gada glob\u0101l\u0101 r\u012bsu atlanta atjaunin\u0101jums. R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ca un kult\u016bras tipa kart\u0113\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti, strauji samazina \u0161o plaisu, sniedzot telpiski prec\u012bzus, laika zi\u0146\u0101 konsekventus datus m\u0113rogos, kuriem nevar l\u012bdzin\u0101ties neviens zemes uzm\u0113r\u012bjums.<\/p>\n

S\u0101kot ar ap\u016bde\u0146otu, divk\u0101r\u0161i kultiv\u0113tu zemienes at\u0161\u0137ir\u0161anu Vjetnamas Mekongas delt\u0101 l\u012bdz lietus ap\u016bde\u0146otu, vienas sezonas lauku identific\u0113\u0161anai Subsah\u0101ras \u0100frik\u0101, satel\u012btu un radaru sist\u0113mas tagad sniedz inform\u0101ciju, kas lauksaimniekiem, vald\u012bb\u0101m un p\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma a\u0123ent\u016br\u0101m nepiecie\u0161ama, lai pl\u0101notu ar p\u0101rliec\u012bbu. T\u0101 k\u0101 m\u0101ksl\u012bgais intelekts un m\u0101ko\u0146dato\u0161ana pa\u0101trina datu apstr\u0101di, paredzams, ka gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaika r\u012bsu uzraudz\u012bba l\u012bdz 2027. gadam k\u013c\u016bs par glob\u0101lu standartu.<\/p>\n

K\u0101p\u0113c r\u012bsi ir svar\u012bgi un k\u0101p\u0113c to uzraudz\u012bba ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta<\/h2>\n

1. R\u012bsu ra\u017eo\u0161ana un glob\u0101l\u0101 p\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma vien\u0101dojums<\/h3>\n

R\u012bsi ir galven\u0101 kaloriju p\u0101rtika vair\u0101k nek\u0101 pusei pasaules iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju, un to noz\u012bme sniedzas t\u0101lu aiz individu\u0101l\u0101 uztura robe\u017e\u0101m. Glob\u0101l\u0101 r\u012bsu ra\u017eo\u0161ana sasniedza aptuveni 520 miljoni metrisko tonnu sl\u012bp\u0113tu r\u012bsu 2024. gad\u0101<\/strong>, saska\u0146\u0101 ar FAO datiem, \u0100zijai veidojot gandr\u012bz 901\u00a0TP3\u00a0t\u016bksto\u0161us no \u0161\u012bs produkcijas.<\/p>\n

Jebkur\u0161 b\u016btisks r\u012bsu pieg\u0101des trauc\u0113jums, neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, vai tas ir sausuma, pl\u016bdu, kait\u0113k\u013cu uzliesmojuma vai politikas neveiksmes d\u0113\u013c, izraisa strauju p\u0101rtikas cenu k\u0101pumu, kas nesam\u0113r\u012bgi ietekm\u0113 pasaules nabadz\u012bg\u0101k\u0101s m\u0101jsaimniec\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

P\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma uztur\u0113\u0161ana \u0161\u0101d\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101 prasa vair\u0101k nek\u0101 tikai pietiekami daudz r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anu. Ir nepiecie\u0161ams prec\u012bzi zin\u0101t, kur r\u012bsi tiek audz\u0113ti, cik reizes gad\u0101 katrs lauks tiek apgriezts un k\u0101da lauksaimniec\u012bbas prakse tiek izmantota. Vald\u012bb\u0101m \u0161ie dati ir nepiecie\u0161ami, lai sadal\u012btu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas infrastrukt\u016bru, subsid\u0113tu resursus un veidotu rezerves \u0101rk\u0101rtas situ\u0101cij\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Probl\u0113ma ir t\u0101, ka r\u012bsus audz\u0113 \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi sadrumstalot\u0101s ainav\u0101s, s\u0101kot no teras\u0113t\u0101m kalnu nog\u0101z\u0113m Filip\u012bn\u0101s l\u012bdz pla\u0161iem ap\u016bde\u0146otiem l\u012bdzenumiem \u0136\u012bn\u0101, padarot tradicion\u0101l\u0101s lauka apseko\u0161anas lo\u0123istiski un finansi\u0101li nepraktiskas valsts vai re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101.<\/p>\n

2. Nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba p\u0113c sistem\u0101tiskas r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu uzraudz\u012bbas<\/h3>\n

R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ci, proti, r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas sezonu skaits gad\u0101 un to sadal\u012bjums ainav\u0101, past\u0101v\u012bgi main\u0101s. Klimata main\u012bgums sa\u012bsina audz\u0113\u0161anas logus da\u017eos re\u0123ionos, bet papla\u0161ina tos citos. Ekonomiskie sign\u0101li mudina lauksaimniekus no vienas uz divu kult\u016braugu audz\u0113\u0161anu, kad \u016bdens pieejam\u012bba un tirgus cenas sakr\u012bt.<\/p>\n

Bez sistem\u0101tiskas uzraudz\u012bbas pl\u0101not\u0101ji str\u0101d\u0101 ar tautas skait\u012b\u0161anas datiem, kas var b\u016bt novecoju\u0161i par pieciem vai vair\u0101k gadiem, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 rodas hroniska \u016bdens, m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu subs\u012bdiju un lauku kred\u012btu nepareiza sadale. T\u0101lizp\u0113te pied\u0101v\u0101 risin\u0101jumu \u0161ai uzraudz\u012bbas nepiln\u012bbai, da\u017eu dienu laik\u0101 nodro\u0161inot konsekventus, atk\u0101rtojamus nov\u0113rojumus vis\u0101s valst\u012bs.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai pa\u013cautos uz lauksaimnieku pa\u0161u sniegto inform\u0101ciju vai tautas skait\u012bt\u0101ju aptauj\u0101m, satel\u012btu sist\u0113mas tie\u0161i nov\u0113ro ainavu, fiks\u0113jot, k\u0101 r\u012bsu lauki main\u0101s pl\u016bdu, p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas, ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s aug\u0161anas un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laik\u0101 katr\u0101 gadalaik\u0101.<\/p>\n

3. Ko t\u0101lizp\u0113te sniedz lauksaimniec\u012bbas kart\u0113\u0161an\u0101<\/h3>\n

T\u0101lizp\u0113te ir zin\u0101tne par inform\u0101cijas ieg\u016b\u0161anu par objektiem vai apgabaliem no att\u0101luma, parasti izmantojot sensorus, kas uzst\u0101d\u012bti uz satel\u012btiem, lidma\u0161\u012bn\u0101m vai bezpilota lidapar\u0101tiem (UAV). Lauksaimniec\u012bbas kontekst\u0101 sensori m\u0113ra ener\u0123iju, ko atstaro vai izstaro kult\u016braugi, augsne un \u016bdens da\u017e\u0101dos elektromagn\u0113tisk\u0101 spektra vi\u013c\u0146u garumos.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 da\u017e\u0101di zemes seguma veidi da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101s atstaro ener\u0123iju at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi, satel\u012btatt\u0113li var at\u0161\u0137irt r\u012bsu lauku no kukur\u016bzas lauka un appludin\u0101tu p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012btu r\u012bsu lauku no sausa tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113klas lauka ar precizit\u0101ti, kas palielin\u0101s, uzlabojoties sensoru tehnolo\u0123ijai. R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ca un kult\u016bras tipa kart\u0113\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti, kalpo \u010detriem savstarp\u0113ji saist\u012btiem m\u0113r\u0137iem.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Pirmk\u0101rt, t\u0101 \u0123ener\u0113 telpiski skaidrus r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas vietu uzskaites sezon\u0101los un ikgad\u0113jos laika periodos.<\/li>\n
  • Otrk\u0101rt, t\u0101 klasific\u0113, cik kult\u016braugu ciklu gad\u0101 notiek katr\u0101 kart\u0113taj\u0101 apgabal\u0101, iz\u0161\u0137irot vienk\u0101r\u0161as, dubultas un tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161as kult\u016braugu sist\u0113mas.<\/li>\n
  • Tre\u0161k\u0101rt, tas identific\u0113 izmantot\u0101s kultiv\u0113\u0161anas prakses, piem\u0113ram, vai lauks tiek p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012bts vai s\u0113ts tie\u0161i, vai ar\u012b vai \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161ana tiek kontrol\u0113ta vai laist\u012bta ar lietus \u016bdeni.<\/li>\n
  • Ceturtk\u0101rt, t\u0101 \u0123ener\u0113 s\u0101kotn\u0113jos datus, kas tiek izmantoti ra\u017eo\u0161anas prognoz\u0113\u0161an\u0101, \u016bdens bud\u017eeta pl\u0101no\u0161an\u0101, klimata adapt\u0101cijas pl\u0101no\u0161an\u0101 un prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113mu un kult\u016bras tipu izpratne<\/h2>\n

    1. Ko paties\u012bb\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas modelis<\/h3>\n

    R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas modelis apraksta r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas laika sadal\u012bjumu kalend\u0101r\u0101 gada ietvaros noteikt\u0101 viet\u0101. Tas atspogu\u013co ne tikai to, vai r\u012bsi tiek audz\u0113ti, bet ar\u012b to, cik rei\u017eu, kad katra sezona s\u0101kas un beidzas, un k\u0101da kult\u016bra, ja t\u0101da ir, seko vai ir pirms r\u012bsiem taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 lauk\u0101. \u0160o mode\u013cu kart\u0113\u0161ana vis\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 sniedz pl\u0101not\u0101jiem dinamisku priek\u0161statu par zemes izmanto\u0161anas intensit\u0101ti un resursu piepras\u012bjumu, ko nekad nevar\u0113tu sniegt viens momentuz\u0146\u0113mums.<\/p>\n

    2. Vienkult\u016bru r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas<\/h3>\n

    Vienas kult\u016bras (monokult\u016bras) sist\u0113m\u0101s lauksaimnieki audz\u0113 vienu r\u012bsu sezonu gad\u0101, kas parasti tiek saska\u0146ota ar musonu lietus sezonu vai vienu kontrol\u0113tu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas ciklu. \u0160\u012bs sist\u0113mas domin\u0113 re\u0123ionos, kur \u016bdens pieejam\u012bba, darbasp\u0113ks vai klimats ierobe\u017eo otr\u0101s sezonas iesp\u0113jam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

    \"R\u012bsu<\/p>\n

    Vienas kult\u016bras sist\u0113m\u0101m parasti ir ilg\u0101ki aug\u0161anas periodi sezon\u0101, bie\u017ei vien izmantojot tradicion\u0101l\u0101s vai uzlabotas ilgtermi\u0146a \u0161\u0137irnes, un t\u0101s nesam\u0113r\u012bgi liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 apg\u0101d\u0101 ar lietu, padarot t\u0101s \u013coti jut\u012bgas pret nokri\u0161\u0146u laiku un sadal\u012bjumu.<\/p>\n

    3. Divk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s ra\u017eas r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas<\/h3>\n

    Divk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s ra\u017eas sist\u0113mas no viena lauka \u013cauj nov\u0101kt divas r\u012bsu ra\u017eas gad\u0101. T\u0101s ir visizplat\u012bt\u0101k\u0101s Dienvidaustrum\u0101zij\u0101 un Dienvid\u0101zij\u0101, tostarp Sarkan\u0101s upes delt\u0101 Vjetnam\u0101, Banglade\u0161as palien\u0113s un Indijas Pend\u017eabas ap\u016bde\u0146otajos rajonos.<\/p>\n

    Laika starp\u012bba starp ab\u0101m sezon\u0101m ir neliela, bie\u017ei vien maz\u0101ka par 30 dien\u0101m, t\u0101p\u0113c dubultkult\u016bras plat\u012bbu identific\u0113\u0161anai no satel\u012btdatiem ir nepiecie\u0161ami bl\u012bvi laikrindu nov\u0113rojumi, lai viena gada laik\u0101 noteiktu divus pilnus fenolo\u0123iskos ciklus.<\/p>\n

    4. Tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s ra\u017eas r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas<\/h3>\n

    Tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161\u0101 kult\u016braugu audz\u0113\u0161ana, nov\u0101cot tr\u012bs r\u012bsu ra\u017eas gad\u0101, tiek praktiz\u0113ta ierobe\u017eot\u0101s teritorij\u0101s, kur gan \u016bdens pieejam\u012bba, gan temperat\u016bra visu gadu saglab\u0101jas labv\u0113l\u012bga. Dienvidvjetnamas Mekongas delt\u0101 un da\u013c\u0101 Guandunas provinces \u0136\u012bnas dienvidos tiek izmantotas tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s kult\u016braugu sist\u0113mas.<\/p>\n

    Lai gan tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161o kult\u016bru sist\u0113mas maksim\u0101li palielina zemes izmanto\u0161anas intensit\u0101ti, t\u0101s rada iev\u0113rojamas probl\u0113mas ar augsnes augl\u012bbu un kait\u0113k\u013cu apkaro\u0161anu. \u0160\u0101du lauku att\u0101lin\u0101ta identific\u0113\u0161ana ir tehniski sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta, jo \u012bsie atmat\u0113\u0161anas periodi starp kult\u016br\u0101m saspie\u017e fenolo\u0123iskos sign\u0101lus \u0161auros logos.<\/p>\n

    5. Lietus ap\u016bde\u0146otu r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

    Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Starptautisk\u0101 r\u012bsu p\u0113tniec\u012bbas instit\u016bta (IRRI) datiem, ar lietu ap\u016bde\u0146oti r\u012bsi, kas tiek audz\u0113ti tikai ar nokri\u0161\u0146iem bez m\u0101ksl\u012bgas \u016bdens padeves, veido aptuveni 451\u00a0TP3\u00a0T no kop\u0113j\u0101s r\u012bsu plat\u012bbas pasaul\u0113. T\u0101 ir domin\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 sist\u0113ma Subsah\u0101ras \u0100frik\u0101, Dienvid\u0101zijas un Dienvidaustrum\u0101zijas kalnainajos apgabalos un no lietus atkar\u012bg\u0101s palien\u0113s.<\/p>\n

    Lietus ap\u016bde\u0146ot\u0101s sist\u0113mas ir \u013coti jut\u012bgas pret nokri\u0161\u0146u daudzuma main\u012bgumu, kas da\u017eos re\u0123ionos noz\u012bm\u0113 ra\u017eas sv\u0101rst\u012bbas 30\u201350% apm\u0113r\u0101 starp mitriem un sausiem gadiem. No t\u0101lizp\u0113tes viedok\u013ca lietus ap\u016bde\u0146otus r\u012bsus ir gr\u016bt\u0101k kart\u0113t, jo pl\u016bdu sign\u0101ls ir v\u0101j\u0101ks un neregul\u0101r\u0101ks nek\u0101 apsaimniekotos ap\u016bde\u0146otos laukos.<\/p>\n

    6. Ap\u016bde\u0146otu r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

    Ap\u016bde\u0146oto r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas sa\u0146em \u016bdeni caur kan\u0101liem, s\u016bk\u0146iem vai p\u0101rvald\u012bt\u0101m rezervu\u0101riem, \u013caujot lauksaimniekiem ar iev\u0113rojamu precizit\u0101ti kontrol\u0113t s\u0113\u0161anas un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laiku. Ap\u016bde\u0146oto r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161ana pa\u0161laik aiz\u0146em tikai aptuveni 551 TP3 t no pasaules r\u012bsu plat\u012bbas, bet veido 751 TP3 t no kop\u0113j\u0101s r\u012bsu produkcijas, kas atspogu\u013co \u016bdens dro\u0161\u012bbas sniegt\u0101s ra\u017eas priek\u0161roc\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

    Apzin\u0101ta ap\u016bde\u0146oto lauku appl\u016b\u0161ana rada sp\u0113c\u012bgu un konsekventu radara starojuma atstarojuma sign\u0101lu, ko dro\u0161i uztver satel\u012btu sensori, padarot ap\u016bde\u0146otos r\u012bsus par vienu no prec\u012bz\u0101k kart\u0113tajiem kult\u016braugu veidiem pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

    7. Aug\u0161kalnu un zemienes r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas<\/h3>\n

    Kalnu r\u012bsi tiek audz\u0113ti neappl\u016bdin\u0101t\u0101s, labi dren\u0113t\u0101s augsn\u0113s, bie\u017ei kalnu nog\u0101z\u0113s vai teras\u0113s \u0100zij\u0101 un \u0100frik\u0101. T\u0101 k\u0101 \u0161ie lauki nekad netiek apzin\u0101ti appl\u016bdin\u0101ti, tiem tr\u016bkst \u016bdens sign\u0101la, kas \u013cautu zemienes r\u012bsus identific\u0113t ar radaru, piespie\u017eot p\u0113tniekus pa\u013cauties tikai uz spektr\u0101liem ve\u0123et\u0101cijas mode\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

    Turpret\u012b zemienes r\u012bsi tiek audz\u0113ti l\u012bdzenos vai seklos appl\u016bdu\u0161os laukos, kur \u016bdens uzkr\u0101jas dabiski vai ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas ce\u013c\u0101. \u0100zijas r\u012bsu b\u013codu re\u0123ionos domin\u0113 zemienes sist\u0113mas un ir galvenais m\u0113r\u0137is liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai liela m\u0113roga kart\u0113\u0161anas centienu.<\/p>\n

    Morfolo\u0123isk\u0101 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba starp augstienes un zemienes laukiem, tostarp lauka forma, topogr\u0101fiskais novietojums un lapotuma strukt\u016bra, sniedz papildu telpisk\u0101s nor\u0101des, ko var efekt\u012bvi izmantot uz objektiem balst\u012bta att\u0113lu anal\u012bze.<\/p>\n

    8. Tie\u0161i s\u0113ti un p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012bti r\u012bsi<\/h3>\n

    R\u012bsu p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana ietver st\u0101du audz\u0113\u0161anu st\u0101daudz\u0113tav\u0101 25 l\u012bdz 30 dienas, p\u0113c tam manu\u0101lu vai meh\u0101nisku p\u0101rvieto\u0161anu uz galveno lauku. Turpret\u012b r\u012bsu tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113jas gad\u012bjum\u0101 s\u0113klas tiek izs\u0113tas tie\u0161i sagatavotaj\u0101 lauk\u0101 bez st\u0101daudz\u0113tavas stadijas.<\/p>\n

    \u0160\u012bs divas metodes rada izm\u0113r\u0101mi at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgus laika raksturlielumus satel\u012btu datos: p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012btie lauki uzr\u0101da asu, sinhroniz\u0113tu za\u013cumu aptuveni tr\u012bs ned\u0113\u013cas p\u0113c appl\u016b\u0161anas, savuk\u0101rt tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113klas lauki uzr\u0101da pak\u0101penisk\u0101ku vainaga att\u012bst\u012bbu no s\u0113\u0161anas dienas. \u0160\u012b fenolo\u0123isk\u0101 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba, smalka, bet re\u0101la, ir nosak\u0101ma, veicot r\u016bp\u012bgu ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksu laikrindu anal\u012bzi.<\/p>\n

    T\u0101lizp\u0113tes r\u012bki un tehnolo\u0123ijas r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anai<\/h2>\n

    1. T\u0101lizp\u0113tes fizik\u0101lais princips<\/h3>\n

    Katrs augs atstaro, absorb\u0113 un p\u0101rraida saules starojumu mode\u013cos, ko nosaka t\u0101 lapu bio\u0137\u012bmija, vainaga strukt\u016bra un \u016bdens saturs. Za\u013c\u0101s lapas sp\u0113c\u012bgi absorb\u0113 sarkano gaismu fotosint\u0113zes veik\u0161anai, vienlaikus atstarojot lielu da\u013cu tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 (NIR) starojuma ener\u0123ijas. Turpret\u012b appludin\u0101tas augsnes absorb\u0113 gandr\u012bz visu ien\u0101ko\u0161o starojumu.<\/p>\n

    \u0160\u012bs kontrast\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s reakcijas rada paredzamus spektr\u0101los parakstus, ko satel\u012btu sensori var ierakst\u012bt ar konsekventu laiku, \u013caujot anal\u012bti\u0137iem izsekot kult\u016braugu st\u0101voklim, aug\u0161anas stadijai un lauka l\u012bme\u0146a p\u0101rvald\u012bbas l\u0113mumiem, nekad neapmekl\u0113jot lauku.<\/p>\n

    2. Optisk\u0101 t\u0101lizp\u0113te<\/h3>\n

    Optiskie sensori uztver atstaroto saules starojumu, radot att\u0113lus, kas ir \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgi tam, ko redz\u0113tu cilv\u0113ka acs, ja tie tiktu papla\u0161in\u0101ti infrasarkano staru vi\u013c\u0146u garum\u0101. R\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas p\u0113t\u012bjumos domin\u0113 tr\u012bs optisk\u0101s platformas.<\/p>\n

    Landsat<\/strong> (satel\u012btu s\u0113rija, ko NASA un USGS p\u0101rvalda kop\u0161 1972.\u00a0gada) nodro\u0161ina att\u0113lus ar 30\u00a0metru telpisko iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju un 16\u00a0dienu atk\u0101rto\u0161an\u0101s ciklu. T\u0101 ilgais laika arh\u012bvs padara to neaizst\u0101jamu r\u012bsu plat\u012bbu izmai\u0146u p\u0113t\u012bjumos gadu desmitu gait\u0101. Tom\u0113r 16\u00a0dienu atk\u0101rto\u0161an\u0101s noz\u012bm\u0113, ka da\u017ei fenolo\u0123iskie notikumi \u012bs\u0101 aug\u0161anas sezon\u0101 starp nov\u0113rojumiem var netikt paman\u012bti.<\/p>\n

    Sentinel-2<\/strong> (ko p\u0101rvalda Eiropas Kosmosa a\u0123ent\u016bra, palaists 2015. un 2017. gad\u0101 k\u0101 divu satel\u012btu zvaigzn\u0101js) uzlabo Landsat ar 10\u201320 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju un 5 dienu atgrie\u0161an\u0101s ciklu pie ekvatora. \u0160ie divi uzlabojumi kop\u0101 nodro\u0161ina prec\u012bz\u0101ku lauka kont\u016bru noteik\u0161anu un lab\u0101ku fenolo\u0123isko paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, un jaun\u0101kajos augstas precizit\u0101tes r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas p\u0113t\u012bjumos, tostarp tajos, kas public\u0113ti ISPRS \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 "Fotogrammetrija un att\u0101l\u0101 izp\u0113te" 2024. gad\u0101, Sentinel-2 tiek izmantots k\u0101 prim\u0101rais optisko datu avots.<\/p>\n

    MODIS<\/strong> MODIS (vid\u0113jas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas att\u0113lveido\u0161anas spektroradiometrs), kas atrodas uz NASA Terra un Aqua satel\u012btiem, nodro\u0161ina 250\u2013500 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju ar ikdienas atk\u0101rtotu apmekl\u0113jumu iesp\u0113ju. Lai gan MODIS ir p\u0101r\u0101k rupj\u0161 atsevi\u0161\u0137u lauku kart\u0113\u0161anai, tas joproj\u0101m ir v\u0113rt\u012bgs nacion\u0101l\u0101 un kontinent\u0101la m\u0113roga kult\u016braugu intensit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113jumiem, kur augsta telpisk\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja ir maz\u0101k svar\u012bga nek\u0101 laika bl\u012bvums.<\/p>\n

    3. Radara t\u0101lizp\u0113te<\/h3>\n

    Sint\u0113tisk\u0101s apert\u016bras radars (SAR)<\/strong> ir uz radara balst\u012bta tehnolo\u0123ija, kas p\u0101rraida mikrovi\u013c\u0146u impulsus Zemes virsmas virzien\u0101 un m\u0113ra uz sensoru izklied\u0113to ener\u0123iju. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no optiskajiem sensoriem, SAR darbojas neatkar\u012bgi no m\u0101ko\u0146u segas un saules apgaismojuma, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka tas vienl\u012bdz labi ieg\u016bst datus gan m\u0101ko\u0146ain\u0101 musonu nakt\u012b, gan skaidr\u0101 saus\u0101s sezonas dien\u0101.<\/p>\n

    \u0160\u012b \u012bpa\u0161\u012bba ir kritiski svar\u012bga r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anai tropiskaj\u0101 \u0100zij\u0101, kur optiskie sensori regul\u0101ri zaud\u0113 ned\u0113\u013cas aug\u0161anas sezonas m\u0101ko\u0146u aizsprostojumu d\u0113\u013c.<\/p>\n

    Sentinel-1<\/strong> (ESA) p\u0101rraida C joslas mikrovi\u013c\u0146u ener\u0123iju (vi\u013c\u0146a garums aptuveni 5,6 cm) un pieg\u0101d\u0101 bezmaksas, glob\u0101lus SAR datus ar 10 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju un 6\u201312 dienu atk\u0101rto\u0161an\u0101s ciklu. R\u012bsu lauki mijiedarbojas ar SAR sign\u0101liem unik\u0101l\u0101 veid\u0101:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • appl\u016bdu\u0161i lauki darbojas k\u0101 gandr\u012bz ide\u0101ls spogulis, atstarojot liel\u0101ko da\u013cu radara ener\u0123ijas prom no sensora (radot zemas atstaro\u0161an\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas), savuk\u0101rt<\/li>\n
    • Augo\u0161ais r\u012bsu vainags arvien vair\u0101k izklied\u0113 ener\u0123iju atpaka\u013c sensora virzien\u0101, palielinoties augu bl\u012bvumam un lapu plat\u012bbai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0160\u012b atpaka\u013cizkliedes trajektorija laika gait\u0101, zema appl\u016b\u0161anas un p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101, paaugstin\u0101s ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s stadij\u0101s un atkal samazin\u0101s p\u0113c galvi\u0146as nome\u0161anas, veido r\u012bsiem rakstur\u012bgu radara fenolo\u0123isko parakstu.<\/p>\n

      Ngujens un l\u012bdzautori (Vides t\u0101lizp\u0113te, 2023) atkl\u0101ja, ka Sentinel-1 SAR laika rindu klasifik\u0101cija sasniedza 92.3% kop\u0113j\u0101 precizit\u0101te<\/strong> r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas sezonu kart\u0113\u0161an\u0101 tr\u012bs Vjetnamas Mekongas deltas provinc\u0113s, tostarp tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161as ra\u017eas apgabalos, kur optiskie dati nebija pieejami vair\u0101k nek\u0101 60% aug\u0161anas perioda m\u0101ko\u0146u segas d\u0113\u013c.<\/p>\n

      Tropu r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas re\u0123ionos SAR metodes nav tikai alternat\u012bva optiskajai uztver\u0161anai, t\u0101s bie\u017ei vien ir vien\u012bg\u0101 uzticam\u0101 iesp\u0113ja kart\u0113\u0161anai pa sezon\u0101m musonu m\u0113ne\u0161os.<\/p>\n

      4. Vair\u0101ku sensoru datu integr\u0101cija<\/h3>\n

      Neviens atsevi\u0161\u0137s sensors nepied\u0101v\u0101 ide\u0101lu telpisk\u0101s deta\u013cas, laika bl\u012bvuma un m\u0101ko\u0146u iespie\u0161an\u0101s kombin\u0101ciju. T\u0101p\u0113c visprec\u012bz\u0101k\u0101s r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113mas integr\u0113 vair\u0101kus sensoru veidus vien\u0101 anal\u012btisk\u0101 ietvar\u0101.<\/p>\n

      Bie\u017ei sastopama arhitekt\u016bra apvieno Sentinel-1 SAR m\u0101ko\u0146u nesaturo\u0161ai laika izseko\u0161anai ar Sentinel-2 optiskajiem datiem spektr\u0101l\u0101s bag\u0101t\u012bbas nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai skaidros periodos un izmanto MODIS k\u0101 rupjas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas enkuru fenolo\u0123isko mode\u013cu noteik\u0161anai re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101.<\/p>\n

      Kad \u0161\u012bs datu pl\u016bsmas tiek algoritmiski apvienotas, apvienotais datu kopums var noteikt kult\u016braugu robe\u017eas, noteikt p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas datumus un pie\u0161\u0137irt kult\u016bras tipa klasifik\u0101cijas ar t\u0101du p\u0101rliec\u012bbas l\u012bmeni, k\u0101du neviens atsevi\u0161\u0137s sensors nevar sasniegt.<\/p>\n

      R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu noteik\u0161ana no satel\u012btu datiem<\/h2>\n

      1. R\u012bsu aug\u0161anas stadiju laika paz\u012bmes<\/h3>\n

      R\u012bsi iziet cauri prec\u012bzi defin\u0113tai aug\u0161anas stadiju sec\u012bbai: zemes sagatavo\u0161ana un appl\u016b\u0161ana, p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana vai s\u0113\u0161ana, cero\u0161ana (vair\u0101ku stubl\u0101ju att\u012bst\u012bba no viena auga), skaras veido\u0161an\u0101s, galvi\u0146as veido\u0161an\u0101s (ziedgalvas par\u0101d\u012b\u0161an\u0101s, kur\u0101 atrodas graudi, un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161ana).<\/p>\n

      Katrs posms rada izm\u0113r\u0101mas izmai\u0146as lauka optiskaj\u0101s un radara \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101s. Anal\u012bti\u0137i izmanto \u0161os posmam rakstur\u012bgos raksturlielumus, kas uztverti k\u0101 spektr\u0101lo indeksu vai SAR atstarojuma laika rindas, lai rekonstru\u0113tu, kas notika katr\u0101 lauk\u0101 un kad, bez iepriek\u0161\u0113jas lauksaimnieka zi\u0146as.<\/p>\n

      2. Uz fenolo\u0123iju balst\u012bta r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

      Fenolo\u0123ij\u0101 balst\u012bta kart\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong> (izmantojot biolo\u0123isko notikumu laiku kult\u016braugu klasific\u0113\u0161anai) ir domin\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 pieeja lielu plat\u012bbu r\u012bsu noteik\u0161anai. Metode darbojas, piel\u0101gojot matem\u0101tisk\u0101s l\u012bknes laika rindas datiem un p\u0113c tam identific\u0113jot laukus, kuros laika modelis atbilst rakstur\u012bgajai r\u012bsu aug\u0161anas l\u012bknei. Galvenie notikumu datumi, kas ieg\u016bti no \u0161\u012b piel\u0101go\u0161anas procesa, ietver:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • ve\u0123et\u0101cijas perioda s\u0101kums (parasti to raksturo strauj\u0161 ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksa v\u0113rt\u012bbu pieaugums p\u0113c pl\u016bdiem),<\/li>\n
      • ve\u0123et\u0101cijas perioda maksimums (maksim\u0101lais lapu plat\u012bbas indekss) un<\/li>\n
      • sezonas beigas (strauj\u0161 kritums ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laik\u0101).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0160\u0101du ciklu skaits, kas konstat\u0113ts kalend\u0101raj\u0101 gad\u0101, tie\u0161i nosaka, vai lauks tiek klasific\u0113ts k\u0101 vienreiz, divreiz vai tr\u012bsreiz apgriezts.<\/p>\n

        3. Augkop\u012bbas intensit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113jums<\/h3>\n

        Augkop\u012bbas intensit\u0101te, proti, ikgad\u0113jo ra\u017eas sezonu skaits uz zemes vien\u012bbas, ir viens no politikas nost\u0101dn\u0113m visnoz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101kajiem r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kart\u0113\u0161anas rezult\u0101tiem. Vienk\u0101r\u0161a, bet jaud\u012bga pieeja apr\u0113\u0137ina, cik rei\u017eu pikse\u013ca gada laika rind\u0101 par\u0101d\u0101s r\u012bsiem l\u012bdz\u012bgs spektr\u0101lais vai atstarotais maksimums.<\/p>\n

        Apvienojum\u0101 ar telpiskajiem filtriem, lai no\u0146emtu mitr\u0101ju, \u016bdenstilp\u0146u vai sezon\u0101lu pl\u016bdu izrais\u012btus k\u013c\u016bdainus datus, \u0161ie ciklu skait\u013ci \u0123ener\u0113 vienas, divu un tr\u012bs kult\u016braugu r\u012bsu kartes, kuras var apstiprin\u0101t, izmantojot lauka apsekojumus un re\u0123ion\u0101lo statistiku.<\/p>\n

        4. R\u012bsu izplat\u012bbas sezon\u0101l\u0101 un ikgad\u0113j\u0101 kart\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

        Sezon\u0101l\u0101s kartes (viena karte katrai aug\u0161anas sezonai gad\u0101) atspogu\u013co ne tikai r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas vietas, bet ar\u012b to aug\u0161anas laiku katr\u0101 viet\u0101. Ikgad\u0113j\u0101s sezon\u0101lo kar\u0161u kopas atkl\u0101j pilnu re\u0123iona ra\u017eas kalend\u0101ru, tostarp agr\u0101s un v\u0113l\u0101s sezonas r\u012bsu telpisko sadal\u012bjumu, kas tie\u0161i ietekm\u0113 \u016bdens pl\u0101no\u0161anu, kait\u0113k\u013cu spiediena p\u0101rvald\u012bbu un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas lo\u0123istiku.<\/p>\n

        5. R\u012bsu kult\u016braugu rot\u0101cijas noteik\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

        Daudz\u0101s \u0100zijas r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101s lauksaimnieki vien\u0101 lauk\u0101 sec\u012bg\u0101s sezon\u0101s p\u0101rmai\u0146us s\u0113j r\u012bsus ar kvie\u0161iem, d\u0101rze\u0146iem, p\u0101k\u0161augiem vai atmat\u0101m. T\u0101lizp\u0113te nosaka \u0161\u012bs rot\u0101cijas, analiz\u0113jot pilnas gada laika rindas, nevis atsevi\u0161\u0137u sezonu atsevi\u0161\u0137i.<\/p>\n

        Lauks, kas mitraj\u0101 sezon\u0101 klasific\u0113ts k\u0101 r\u012bsu lauks, bet sausaj\u0101 sezon\u0101 k\u0101 kvie\u0161u lauks, ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksa datos uzr\u0101da at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu divu p\u012b\u0137u laika modeli, un katra p\u012b\u0137a spektr\u0101l\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas identific\u0113 attiec\u012bgo kult\u016braugu veidu. \u0160o rot\u0101ciju kart\u0113\u0161ana ir svar\u012bga augsnes vesel\u012bbas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai, ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas piepras\u012bjuma model\u0113\u0161anai un ien\u0101kumu da\u017e\u0101do\u0161anas programm\u0101m.<\/p>\n

        K\u0101 GeoPard nodro\u0161ina r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kart\u0113\u0161anu<\/h2>\n

        R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kart\u0113\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ama nep\u0101rtraukta, vair\u0101ku avotu nov\u0113ro\u0161ana vis\u0101 aug\u0161anas sezon\u0101, un tie\u0161i to nodro\u0161ina GeoPard. Apvienojot Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 un Planet att\u0113lus vien\u0101 platform\u0101, GeoPard uzrauga laukus katru otro dienu ar iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju l\u012bdz 3 metriem, nodro\u0161inot, ka kritiski notikumi ar r\u012bsiem, piem\u0113ram, pirmsst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas appl\u016b\u0161ana, d\u012bgstu za\u013co\u0161ana un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161ana, nekad netiek palaisti gar\u0101m m\u0101ko\u0146u spraugu d\u0113\u013c.<\/p>\n

        Platformas vair\u0101ku sensoru sapludin\u0101\u0161ana ir pier\u0101d\u012bjusi 4% precizit\u0101tes uzlabojumu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar viena sensora pieej\u0101m, kas tie\u0161i palielina at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu starp vienas kult\u016bras, divu kult\u016bru un tr\u012bs kult\u016bru r\u012bsu sist\u0113m\u0101m.<\/p>\n

        \"K\u0101<\/p>\n

        Kult\u016bras tipa identific\u0113\u0161anai GeoPard ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksu komplekts, tostarp NDWI virszemes pl\u016bdu noteik\u0161anai, EVI2 vainaga biomasas laika noteik\u0161anai un LAI vainaga bl\u012bvumam, ietver spektr\u0101lo biogr\u0101fiju, kas atdala ap\u016bde\u0146otus p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012btus r\u012bsus no lietus ap\u016bde\u0146ot\u0101m vai tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113klas sist\u0113m\u0101m.<\/p>\n

        M\u0101ko\u0146ain\u0101s musonu dien\u0101s, kad optisk\u0101 att\u0113lveido\u0161ana piln\u012bb\u0101 neizdodas, GeoPard integr\u0113tais radara datu sl\u0101nis nodro\u0161ina nep\u0101rtrauktu ve\u0123et\u0101cijas izseko\u0161anu, nolasot SAR atstaroto starojumu, kas ir appl\u016bdu\u0161a r\u012bsa galven\u0101 paz\u012bme p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

        Sl\u0101\u0146u sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anas r\u012bks \u013cauj agronomiem novietot l\u012bdz pat \u010detriem sinhroniz\u0113tiem datu sl\u0101\u0146iem blakus, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di vienk\u0101r\u0161ojot r\u012bsu kult\u016bru tipu atdal\u012b\u0161anu, sal\u012bdzinot NDWI pl\u016bdu sign\u0101lus ar daudzgadu ve\u0123et\u0101cijas tendenc\u0113m un augsnes produktivit\u0101tes kart\u0113m.<\/p>\n

        Balstoties uz vair\u0101k nek\u0101 30 gadu satel\u012btatt\u0113liem, platforma atkl\u0101j ilgtermi\u0146a kult\u016braugu intensit\u0101tes mode\u013cus lauka l\u012bmen\u012b. \u0160\u012bs atzi\u0146as p\u0113c tam tiek tie\u0161i iek\u013cautas main\u012bgas devas pielieto\u0161anas kart\u0113s m\u0113slojumam, s\u0113kl\u0101m un augu aizsardz\u012bbai, p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161ot r\u012bsu kult\u016bru tipu kartes konkr\u0113tos, lauka l\u012bme\u0146a apsaimnieko\u0161anas priek\u0161rakstos.<\/p>\n

        R\u012bsu kult\u016bras tipu kart\u0113\u0161ana ar t\u0101lizp\u0113tes pal\u012bdz\u012bbu<\/h2>\n

        1. Da\u017e\u0101du kult\u016bras prak\u0161u spektr\u0101l\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas<\/h3>\n

        Kult\u016bras tips \u2014 specifiska apsaimnieko\u0161anas prak\u0161u kombin\u0101cija, kas tiek piem\u0113rota r\u012bsu laukam, \u2014 veido \u0161\u012b lauka spektr\u0101l\u0101 rakstura laika evol\u016bciju. Piem\u0113ram, appludin\u0101ti p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012bti r\u012bsi sezonu s\u0101k ar \u016bdens domin\u0113tu optisko reakciju (zema atstaro\u0161an\u0101s vis\u0101s redzamaj\u0101s josl\u0101s), kam seko p\u0113k\u0161\u0146a mai\u0146a, veidojoties st\u0101du vainagam.<\/p>\n

        Tie\u0161i s\u0113ti r\u012bsi, kas ies\u0113ti neappl\u016bdin\u0101t\u0101 s\u0113klas gultn\u0113, uzr\u0101da pak\u0101penisk\u0101ku ve\u0123et\u0101cijas sign\u0101la pieaugumu no d\u012bg\u0161anas s\u0101kuma, bez s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 appl\u016b\u0161anas perioda, ko gan optiskie, gan SAR sensori viegli nosaka.<\/p>\n

        2. Ap\u016bde\u0146otu un lietus laist\u012btu r\u012bsu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba<\/h3>\n

        Ap\u016bde\u0146oti un lietus ap\u016bde\u0146oti r\u012bsu lauki at\u0161\u0137iras divos nov\u0113rojamos veidos: pl\u016bdu laiks un regularit\u0101te, k\u0101 ar\u012b to sezon\u0101l\u0101s fenolo\u0123ijas konsekvence. Ap\u016bde\u0146oti lauki parasti appl\u016bst p\u0113c grafika, tiem ir maz\u0101kas gadu no gada sv\u0101rst\u012bbas p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas datumos un tie saglab\u0101 vienm\u0113r\u012bgu vainaga bl\u012bvumu, pateicoties kontrol\u0113tai \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

        Lietus ap\u016bde\u0146otiem laukiem ir liel\u0101ka laika main\u012bba starp gadiem, tajos var rasties \u016bdens stress sezonas vid\u016b, ko var atkl\u0101t k\u0101 anom\u0101las ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksa v\u0113rt\u012bbu kritumus, un sausuma gados da\u017ereiz tie nevar pabeigt pilnu ve\u0123et\u0101cijas sezonu.<\/p>\n

        Daudzgadu laikrindu anal\u012bze atspogu\u013co \u0161o main\u012bguma strukt\u016bru, \u013caujot klasifik\u0101cijas algoritmiem atdal\u012bt ap\u016bde\u0146ot\u0101s teritorijas no lietus ap\u016bde\u0146otaj\u0101m ar precizit\u0101ti, kas labi kalibr\u0113t\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s parasti p\u0101rsniedz 85%.<\/p>\n

        3. P\u0101rst\u0101d\u012bto un tie\u0161i s\u0113to r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

        Visuzticam\u0101kais r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js, lai SAR datos at\u0161\u0137irtu p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012btos r\u012bsus no tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113klas r\u012bsiem, ir s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 zemas atpaka\u013cizkliedes pl\u016bdu perioda laiks un ilgums.<\/p>\n

        P\u0101rst\u0101d\u012btie r\u012bsu lauki tiek appludin\u0101ti 2\u20134 ned\u0113\u013cas pirms st\u0101du p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas, sezonas s\u0101kum\u0101 radot pagarin\u0101tu radara tumsas logu.<\/p>\n

        Tie\u0161i s\u0113tas lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemes neuzr\u0101da appl\u016b\u0161anas periodu (saus\u0101s s\u0113jas) vai ar\u012b tas ir \u013coti \u012bss (slapj\u0101s s\u0113jas), un atstarot\u0101 starojuma pieaugums ir gan agr\u0101ks attiec\u012bb\u0101 pret s\u0113jas datumu, gan struktur\u0101li at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgs t\u0101 sl\u012bpuma zi\u0146\u0101. \u0160\u012bs laika raksturlielumus var ieg\u016bt autom\u0101tiski, izmantojot algoritmus, kas tiek piem\u0113roti bl\u012bv\u0101m SAR laika rind\u0101m.<\/p>\n

        4. Apsaimnieko\u0161anas prakses noteik\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti<\/h3>\n

        Papildus p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas metodei un \u016bdens re\u017e\u012bmam t\u0101lizp\u0113te var atkl\u0101t noteiktas \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161anas prakses, piem\u0113ram, p\u0101rmai\u0146us mitrin\u0101\u0161anu un \u017e\u0101v\u0113\u0161anu (AWD) \u2014 metodi, ko izmanto, lai samazin\u0101tu met\u0101na emisijas un \u016bdens pat\u0113ri\u0146u, periodiski nosusinot r\u012bsu laukus.<\/p>\n

        AWD laukos ve\u0123et\u0101cijas period\u0101 ir nov\u0113rojamas sv\u0101rst\u012bgas SAR atstaro\u0161an\u0101s tendences, kas atspogu\u013co atk\u0101rtotus pl\u016bdu un noteces ciklus, savuk\u0101rt nep\u0101rtraukti appl\u016bdu\u0161os laukos ir nov\u0113rojama vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101ka atstaro\u0161an\u0101s trajektorija. \u0160\u012b sp\u0113ja ir \u012bpa\u0161i v\u0113rt\u012bga, lai uzraudz\u012btu klimata zi\u0146\u0101 viedu r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas prakses ievie\u0161anu nacion\u0101laj\u0101s siltumn\u012bcefekta g\u0101zu inventariz\u0101cijas sist\u0113m\u0101s.<\/p>\n

        5. \u016adens apsaimnieko\u0161anas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji r\u012bsu laukos<\/h3>\n

        \u016adens virsmas noteik\u0161ana, izmantojot SAR, ir \u013coti jut\u012bga un sp\u0113j identific\u0113t pat da\u017eus centimetrus zem r\u012bsu audz\u0113m eso\u0161us d\u012b\u0137a \u016bdens sl\u0101\u0146us. \u0160\u012b jut\u012bba \u013cauj anal\u012bti\u0137iem kart\u0113t pl\u016bdu st\u0101vokli katr\u0101 lauk\u0101 galvenajos aug\u0161anas sezonas punktos, atbalstot l\u0113mumus par ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161anu un agr\u012bnus pl\u016bdu post\u012bjumu nov\u0113rt\u0113jumus.<\/p>\n

        Kad \u016bdens virsmas kartes no vair\u0101kiem datumiem tiek sakrautas laika zi\u0146\u0101, t\u0101s katram laukam sniedz dinamisku \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161anas parakstu, kas kalpo k\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bgs ievades dati kult\u016bras tipu klasifik\u0101cijas mode\u013cos.<\/p>\n

        Metodes un pa\u0146\u0113mieni: no indeksiem l\u012bdz dzi\u013cai m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s<\/h2>\n

        1. Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksi r\u012bsu monitoringam<\/h3>\n

        Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksi ir matem\u0101tiskas atstaro\u0161anas v\u0113rt\u012bbu kombin\u0101cijas da\u017e\u0101dos vi\u013c\u0146u garumos, kas paredz\u0113tas, lai pastiprin\u0101tu augu biomasas un vesel\u012bbas sign\u0101lu, vienlaikus samazinot augsnes fona, atmosf\u0113ras ietekmes un apgaismojuma \u0123eometrijas rad\u012bto troksni. R\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas darb\u0101 b\u016btiska loma ir trim indeksiem.<\/p>\n

        i. NDVI (normaliz\u0113tais diferenci\u0101lais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss)<\/strong> tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ts k\u0101 (NIR \u2013 sarkanais) \/ (NIR + sarkanais) un ir vispla\u0161\u0101k izmantotais indekss r\u012bsu monitoring\u0101. Tas izseko vainaga za\u013cumu no st\u0101du ieaug\u0161an\u0101s l\u012bdz noveco\u0161anai, un v\u0113rt\u012bbas parasti pieaug no gandr\u012bz nulles p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101 l\u012bdz 0,6\u20130,8 ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s aug\u0161anas maksimuma laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

        ii. EVI (Uzlabotais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss)<\/strong> efekt\u012bv\u0101k kori\u0123\u0113 atmosf\u0113ras aerosolu ietekmi un augsnes fona troksni nek\u0101 NDVI, padarot to v\u0113lam\u0101ku vid\u0113 ar augstu aerosolu slodzi, piem\u0113ram, biomasas dedzin\u0101\u0161anas sezon\u0101s, kas ir izplat\u012btas tropiskaj\u0101 \u0100zij\u0101.<\/p>\n

        iii. LSWI (zemes virszemes \u016bdens indekss)<\/strong> ietver \u012bsvi\u013c\u0146u infrasarkano staru atstaro\u0161anu, lai noteiktu \u016bdens saturu gan augu vainagos, gan augsnes virsm\u0101, padarot to \u013coti jut\u012bgu pret pl\u016bdiem, kas rakstur\u012bgi zemienes r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anai, un nodro\u0161inot sp\u0113c\u012bgu sign\u0101lu aug\u0161anas sezonas s\u0101kuma noteik\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

        2. Laika rindu anal\u012bze<\/h3>\n

        Viens satel\u012btatt\u0113ls fiks\u0113 r\u012bsu lauka st\u0101vokli noteikt\u0101 laika br\u012bd\u012b, bet r\u012bsu lauka st\u0101sts tiek rakst\u012bts \u0161o mirk\u013cu sec\u012bb\u0101. Laika rindu anal\u012bze apvieno daudzus nov\u0113rojumus, parasti vienu att\u0113lu ik p\u0113c 5\u201316 dien\u0101m visa gada garum\u0101, un ieg\u016bst laika r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus, piem\u0113ram, sezonas s\u0101kuma datumu, maksim\u0101lo NDVI, za\u013co\u0161anas \u0101trumu un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas datumu.<\/p>\n

        \"Metodes<\/p>\n

        \u0160ie r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji kop\u0101 apraksta lauka piln\u012bgu fenolo\u0123isko uzved\u012bbu un ir daudz diagnostisk\u0101ki kult\u016braugu veidu identific\u0113\u0161anai nek\u0101 jebkur\u0161 viena datuma nov\u0113rojums. Lai sal\u012bdzin\u0101tu un saska\u0146otu laika rindu datus da\u017e\u0101dos gados un re\u0123ionos, parasti tiek izmantotas statistikas metodes, tostarp harmonisk\u0101 regresija un dinamisk\u0101 laika deform\u0101cija (DTW).<\/p>\n

        3. Ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s r\u012bsu klasifik\u0101cijai<\/h3>\n

        Ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s ir p\u0101rveidojusi r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kart\u0113\u0161anas m\u0113rogu un precizit\u0101ti, automatiz\u0113jot sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu, neline\u0101ru attiec\u012bbu identific\u0113\u0161anu starp spektr\u0101li-laika datiem un lauka apst\u0101k\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

        i. Nejau\u0161a me\u017ea (RF)<\/strong> ir ansamb\u013ca metode, kas veido simtiem neatkar\u012bgu l\u0113mumu koku, katrs no kuriem apm\u0101c\u012bts, izmantojot nejau\u0161u paz\u012bmju apak\u0161kopu, un apkopo to balsis gal\u012bgajai klasifik\u0101cijai. T\u0101 ir notur\u012bga pret trok\u0161\u0146ainiem apm\u0101c\u012bbas datiem, efekt\u012bvi apstr\u0101d\u0101 augstas dimensijas paz\u012bmju telpas un nodro\u0161ina main\u012bgus svar\u012bguma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus, kas pal\u012bdz anal\u012bti\u0137iem saprast, kuras laika vai spektr\u0101l\u0101s paz\u012bmes ietekm\u0113 klasifik\u0101cijas l\u0113mumus.<\/p>\n

        ii. Atbalsta vektoru ma\u0161\u012bna (SVM)<\/strong> atrod optim\u0101lo atdal\u012b\u0161anas robe\u017eu starp klas\u0113m daudzdimension\u0101l\u0101 paz\u012bmju telp\u0101. SVM labi darbojas, ja apm\u0101c\u012bbas dati ir ierobe\u017eoti, padarot to noder\u012bgu datu tr\u016bkuma re\u0123ionos, kur pamata patiesuma v\u0101k\u0161ana ir d\u0101rga.<\/p>\n

        iii. Dzi\u013c\u0101 m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s<\/strong>, jo \u012bpa\u0161i konvolucion\u0101lie neironu t\u012bkli (CNN) un rekurentie neironu t\u012bkli (RNN), piem\u0113ram, ilgtermi\u0146a \u012bstermi\u0146a atmi\u0146as (LSTM) arhitekt\u016bras, var vienlaikus apg\u016bt gan telpiskos mode\u013cus atsevi\u0161\u0137os att\u0113los, gan laika mode\u013cus da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s att\u0113lu sec\u012bb\u0101s. Uz LSTM balst\u012bti klasifikatori, kas tiek piem\u0113roti satel\u012btu laika rind\u0101m, ir sasniegu\u0161i vismodern\u0101ko precizit\u0101ti r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas uzdevumos, un vair\u0101kos p\u0113t\u012bjumos zi\u0146ots par kop\u0113jo precizit\u0101ti virs 90% re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101.<\/p>\n

        Sjao un l\u012bdzautori (Starptautiskais lieti\u0161\u0137\u0101s Zemes nov\u0113ro\u0161anas un \u0123eoinform\u0101cijas \u017eurn\u0101ls, 2025) pier\u0101d\u012bja, ka LSTM dzi\u013c\u0101s m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s modelis, kas apm\u0101c\u012bts ar Sentinel-1 un Sentinel-2 apvienotajiem laika rindu datiem, kart\u0113ja r\u012bsu kult\u016bru tipus tr\u012bs Dienvid\u0101zijas valst\u012bs ar kop\u0113j\u0101 precizit\u0101te 91,7% un kappa koeficients 0,89<\/strong>, p\u0101rsp\u0113jot Random Forest par 6,4 procentpunktiem t\u0101dos pa\u0161os apm\u0101c\u012bbas datu apst\u0101k\u013cos.<\/p>\n

        Liela m\u0113roga r\u012bsu kult\u016bras tipu kart\u0113\u0161anai, kur ir iesp\u0113jama apm\u0101c\u012bbas datu v\u0101k\u0161ana, LSTM balst\u012bti dzi\u013c\u0101s m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s klasifikatori tagad ir etalona metode, un tiem vajadz\u0113tu b\u016bt noklus\u0113juma izv\u0113lei jaunaj\u0101s nacion\u0101laj\u0101s kart\u0113\u0161anas programm\u0101s.<\/p>\n

        4. Uz objektiem balst\u012bta att\u0113lu anal\u012bze (OBIA)<\/h3>\n

        Objektu att\u0113lu anal\u012bze (OBIA)<\/strong> darbojas, grup\u0113jot blakus eso\u0161os pikse\u013cus ar l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101m spektr\u0101laj\u0101m un telpiskaj\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m objektos (segmentos) pirms to klasific\u0113\u0161anas, nevis klasific\u0113jot katru pikseli atsevi\u0161\u0137i.<\/p>\n

        R\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161an\u0101 OBIA ir v\u0113rt\u012bga, jo t\u0101 klasifik\u0101cij\u0101 var iek\u013caut formu, tekst\u016bru un kontekstu, at\u0161\u0137irot r\u012bsu lauku no l\u012bdz\u012bgas kr\u0101sas \u016bdenstilpes, pamatojoties uz r\u012bsu lauku regul\u0101ro taisnst\u016bra \u0123eometriju.<\/p>\n

        OBIA ir \u012bpa\u0161i efekt\u012bva \u013coti augst\u0101 telpiskaj\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113j\u0101, piem\u0113ram, komerci\u0101lo satel\u012btu datos ar 1\u20135 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju vai bezpilota lidapar\u0101tu (UAV) att\u0113los.<\/p>\n

        5. Izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161anas metodes<\/h3>\n

        Izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161ana identific\u0113 teritorijas, kur\u0101s zemes izmanto\u0161ana ir main\u012bjusies starp diviem vai vair\u0101kiem datumiem. R\u012bsu sist\u0113mas uzraudz\u012bb\u0101 izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161anai ir divi m\u0113r\u0137i: izsekot r\u012bsu plat\u012bbas papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anos vai samazin\u0101\u0161anos no gada uz gadu, rea\u0123\u0113jot uz klimata vai ekonomiskajiem faktoriem, un identific\u0113t sezonas vidus izmai\u0146as, piem\u0113ram, ra\u017eas neveiksmi, pame\u0161anu vai negaid\u012btus pl\u016bdus.<\/p>\n

        Divu laiku izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161ana (tie\u0161i sal\u012bdzinot divus datumus) ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a, ta\u010du t\u0101 ir pak\u013cauta fenolo\u0123iskaj\u0101m at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m starp gadiem. Vair\u0101ku laiku izmai\u0146u noteik\u0161ana pilnos gada datos ir stabil\u0101ka un var at\u0161\u0137irt patiesas zemes izmanto\u0161anas izmai\u0146as no sezon\u0101l\u0101m fenolo\u0123iskaj\u0101m vari\u0101cij\u0101m.<\/p>\n

        Precizit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana un valid\u0101cija<\/h2>\n

        1. Paties\u012bbas datu v\u0101k\u0161ana uz zemes<\/h3>\n

        Katram r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas produktam ir nepiecie\u0161ama valid\u0101cija, izmantojot neatkar\u012bgi apkopotus lauka nov\u0113rojumus. Zemes nov\u0113ro\u0161anas dati parasti ietver GPS vad\u012btas lauka apmekl\u0113jumus, kuros apm\u0101c\u012bti skait\u012bt\u0101ji statistiski reprezentat\u012bv\u0101 atra\u0161an\u0101s vietu izlas\u0113 re\u0123istr\u0113 kult\u016braugu veidu, aug\u0161anas stadiju, \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161anas st\u0101vokli un iedz\u012bvo\u0161an\u0101s metodi. \u0160ie nov\u0113rojumi tiek apkopoti t\u0101, lai tie laika zi\u0146\u0101 sakristu ar satel\u012btu datu ieguv\u0113m, un tie netiek iek\u013cauti mode\u013ca apm\u0101c\u012bb\u0101 un tiek izmantoti tikai precizit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

        2. Klasifik\u0101cijas precizit\u0101tes r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji<\/h3>\n

        R\u012bsu specifiskiem lietojumiem F1 r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js, kas l\u012bdzsvaro ra\u017eot\u0101ja un lietot\u0101ja precizit\u0101ti katr\u0101 klas\u0113, arvien bie\u017e\u0101k tiek zi\u0146ots l\u012bdz\u0101s Kappa k\u0101 informat\u012bv\u0101ks viena skait\u013ca veiktsp\u0113jas kopsavilkums. Standarta r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji kartes precizit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai ietver<\/p>\n

          \n
        • kop\u0113j\u0101 precizit\u0101te (visu pareizi klasific\u0113to valid\u0101cijas punktu procentu\u0101l\u0101 da\u013ca),<\/li>\n
        • ra\u017eot\u0101ja precizit\u0101te (varb\u016bt\u012bba, ka dot\u0101s paties\u0101s klases lauks ir pareizi kart\u0113ts, analogi atsauk\u0161anai),<\/li>\n
        • lietot\u0101ja precizit\u0101te (varb\u016bt\u012bba, ka lauks, kas kart\u0113ts ar doto klasi, faktiski ir \u0161\u012b klase, analogi precizit\u0101tei), un<\/li>\n
        • Kappa koeficients (saska\u0146as m\u0113rs, kas kori\u0123\u0113ts atbilsto\u0161i nejau\u0161ai saska\u0146ai, kur v\u0113rt\u012bbas virs 0,80 nor\u0101da uz sp\u0113c\u012bgu saska\u0146o\u0161anu).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          3. Apgrie\u0161anas mode\u013ca un kult\u016bras tipa kar\u0161u valid\u0101cija<\/h3>\n

          Lai valid\u0113tu kult\u016braugu s\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kartes, ir nepiecie\u0161ami vair\u0101ku laiku zemes paties\u012bbas dati, veicot lauka apmekl\u0113jumus vair\u0101kos punktos vis\u0101 kult\u016braugu kalend\u0101r\u0101, lai apstiprin\u0101tu, cik sezonu gad\u0101 katr\u0101 valid\u0101cijas viet\u0101 faktiski tika nov\u0101kta ra\u017ea.<\/p>\n

          Kult\u016bras tipa valid\u0101cija, at\u0161\u0137irot p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012btos augus no tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113klas vai ap\u016bde\u0146otos augus no lietus m\u0113slojuma, ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ka, jo \u0161\u012bs at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas ne vienm\u0113r ir vizu\u0101li ac\u012bmredzamas lauk\u0101 un prasa lauksaimnieku intervijas vai tie\u0161u apsaimnieko\u0161anas notikumu nov\u0113ro\u0161anu jut\u012bgos aug\u0161anas sezonas logos.<\/p>\n

          Valsts lauksaimniec\u012bbas statistika, lai gan bie\u017ei tiek apkopota provinces vai rajona l\u012bmen\u012b, nodro\u0161ina papildu valid\u0101cijas sl\u0101ni plat\u012bbas apr\u0113\u0137iniem, \u013caujot sal\u012bdzin\u0101t kartes kopsummas ar ofici\u0101li zi\u0146otajiem skait\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

          Pielietojumi vis\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101<\/h2>\n

          1. Lauksaimniec\u012bbas pl\u0101no\u0161ana un politikas izstr\u0101de<\/h3>\n

          R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kartes, kas ieg\u016btas no t\u0101lizp\u0113tes, sniedz lauksaimniec\u012bbas ministrij\u0101m nepiecie\u0161amo telpisko iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju, lai izstr\u0101d\u0101tu m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgas intervences. Re\u0123ioniem, kas identific\u0113ti k\u0101 vienas kult\u016bras lietus ap\u016bde\u0146oti re\u0123ioni, var pie\u0161\u0137irt priorit\u0101ti maza m\u0113roga ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas att\u012bst\u012bbai; tr\u012bs kult\u016braugu apgabalos ar samazin\u0101tu ra\u017eu var veikt augsnes degrad\u0101cijas vai grunts\u016bdens l\u012bme\u0146a samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s p\u0113t\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n

          2. R\u012bsu ra\u017eo\u0161anas nov\u0113rt\u0113jums<\/h3>\n

          Apvienojot r\u012bsu plat\u012bbu kartes no t\u0101lizp\u0113tes ar ra\u017eas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ciem, piem\u0113ram, kult\u016braugu aug\u0161anas simul\u0101cij\u0101m, kuru pamat\u0101 ir laika apst\u0101k\u013cu dati, var ieg\u016bt subnacion\u0101las un nacion\u0101las ra\u017eo\u0161anas prognozes ned\u0113\u013cas vai m\u0113ne\u0161us pirms ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

          Gan \u0100zijas Att\u012bst\u012bbas bankas p\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma inform\u0101cijas panelis, gan FAO Glob\u0101l\u0101 inform\u0101cijas un agr\u012bn\u0101s br\u012bdin\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113ma (GIEWS) ietver no satel\u012btiem ieg\u016btus r\u012bsu plat\u012bbu datus, lai \u0123ener\u0113tu ra\u017eo\u0161anas apr\u0113\u0137inus pirms ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas ar pier\u0101d\u012btu precizit\u0101tes pieaugumu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar uz apsekojumiem balst\u012bt\u0101m pieej\u0101m.<\/p>\n

          3. \u016adens resursu apsaimnieko\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

          Ap\u016bde\u0146otie r\u012bsi ir liel\u0101kais sald\u016bdens pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101js \u0100zij\u0101, veidojot aptuveni 401\u00a0TP3\u00a0T no kop\u0113j\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bbas \u016bdens pat\u0113ri\u0146a t\u0101d\u0101s valst\u012bs k\u0101 Indija un Banglade\u0161a.<\/p>\n

          V\u0113rt\u012bg\u0101kais satel\u012btu r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas rezult\u0101ts nav pati karte, bet gan l\u0113mums, ko t\u0101 \u013cauj pie\u0146emt, vai b\u016bv\u0113t kan\u0101lu, sl\u0113gt aku vai novirz\u012bt subs\u012bdiju.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

          Prec\u012bza inform\u0101cija par ap\u016bde\u0146oto r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas viet\u0101m, ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sezonu skaitu un to, kuros laukos tiek izmantotas efekt\u012bvas \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161anas metodes, piem\u0113ram, AWD, tie\u0161i atbalsta upju baseinu pl\u0101no\u0161anu, rezervu\u0101ru darb\u012bbas pl\u0101no\u0161anu un grunts\u016bde\u0146u ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbas nov\u0113rt\u0113jumus.<\/p>\n

          4. P\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma uzraudz\u012bba<\/h3>\n

          P\u0101rtikas nepietiekam\u012bbas agr\u012bn\u0101s br\u012bdin\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113mas ir atkar\u012bgas no ra\u017eas nepiln\u012bbu \u0101tras atkl\u0101\u0161anas. Ja r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas plat\u012bbas nepabeidz pilnu aug\u0161anas ciklu, satel\u012btu monitorings atkl\u0101j anom\u0101liju k\u0101 neeso\u0161u vai sa\u012bsin\u0101tu fenolo\u0123isko maksimumu paredz\u0113taj\u0101 sezonas log\u0101. USAID atbalst\u012btais FEWS NET (Bada agr\u012bn\u0101s br\u012bdin\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113mu t\u012bkls) izmanto satel\u012btu ve\u0123et\u0101cijas datus, tostarp r\u012bsiem specifisku monitoringu, lai \u0123ener\u0113tu p\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma br\u012bdin\u0101jumus vis\u0101 \u0100zij\u0101 un \u0100frik\u0101.<\/p>\n

          5. Klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146u ietekmes nov\u0113rt\u0113jums<\/h3>\n

          Ilgtermi\u0146a r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013cu kar\u0161u arh\u012bvi, kas aptver 20 vai vair\u0101k gadu Landsat datus, atkl\u0101j, k\u0101 r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas plat\u012bbas, gadalaiki un ra\u017ea ir main\u012bju\u0161ies, rea\u0123\u0113jot uz main\u012bgajiem temperat\u016bras un nokri\u0161\u0146u re\u017e\u012bmiem. \u0160\u012bs v\u0113sturisk\u0101s tenden\u010du kartes sniedz emp\u012briskus pier\u0101d\u012bjumus par klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146u ietekmi uz r\u012bsu sist\u0113m\u0101m un kalpo k\u0101 ievaddati n\u0101kotnes lauksaimniec\u012bbas risku prognoz\u0113\u0161anai da\u017e\u0101dos sasil\u0161anas scen\u0101rijos.<\/p>\n

          7. Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas pielietojumi<\/h3>\n

          Saimniec\u012bbas m\u0113rog\u0101 no bezpilota lidapar\u0101tiem ieg\u016bta r\u012bsu kult\u016bras tipa kart\u0113\u0161ana apvienojum\u0101 ar lauka l\u012bme\u0146a augsnes un \u016bdens datiem atbalsta prec\u012bzas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas l\u0113mumus, piem\u0113ram, main\u012bgas devas m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu, konkr\u0113tai vietai paredz\u0113tu kait\u0113k\u013cu nov\u0113ro\u0161anu un optimiz\u0113tu s\u0113\u0161anas datumu pl\u0101no\u0161anu. \u0160\u012bs lietojumprogrammas pa\u0161laik strauji att\u012bst\u0101s Jap\u0101n\u0101, Dienvidkorej\u0101 un \u0136\u012bnas da\u013c\u0101s, kur r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161ana ir \u013coti mehaniz\u0113ta un ir pieejama datu infrastrukt\u016bra, lai savienotu t\u0101lizp\u0113tes rezult\u0101tus ar saimniec\u012bbu p\u0101rvald\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101m.<\/p>\n

          Izaicin\u0101jumi un ierobe\u017eojumi, kas ierobe\u017eo r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anu<\/h2>\n

          1. M\u0101ko\u0146u segums un datu pieejam\u012bba<\/h3>\n

          Past\u0101v\u012bga m\u0101ko\u0146u sega musonu sezon\u0101, kad tiek audz\u0113ta liela da\u013ca \u0100zijas r\u012bsu, iev\u0113rojami ierobe\u017eo izmantojamo optisko nov\u0113rojumu skaitu. Da\u017e\u0101s viet\u0101s m\u0101ko\u0146u pies\u0101r\u0146ojums samazina pieejamos Sentinel-2 nov\u0113rojumus kritisk\u0101s p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas un agr\u012bn\u0101 ve\u0123et\u0101cijas period\u0101 l\u012bdz maz\u0101k nek\u0101 diviem m\u0113nes\u012b. SAR dati mazina, bet nenov\u0113r\u0161 \u0161o probl\u0113mu, jo sp\u0113c\u012bgas lietavas var \u012bslaic\u012bgi pies\u0101tin\u0101t radara sign\u0101lu.<\/p>\n

          2. Jaukti pikse\u013ci un mazi lauka izm\u0113ri<\/h3>\n

          Re\u0123ionos, kur r\u012bsu lauki ir maz\u0101ki par sensora telpisko iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju, viens pikselis uztver r\u012bsu un cita veida zemes seguma mais\u012bjumu, padarot klasifik\u0101ciju neskaidru. Augstkalnu r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas kalnain\u0101 apvid\u016b un d\u0101rza m\u0113roga r\u012bsi Indon\u0113zijas un Filip\u012bnu da\u013c\u0101s regul\u0101ri rada jauktus pikse\u013cus pat ar Sentinel-2 10 metru iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju, ierobe\u017eojot uz pikse\u013ciem balst\u012btu meto\u017eu izmanto\u0161anu \u0161aj\u0101s vid\u0113s.<\/p>\n

          3. Kult\u016braugu veidu spektr\u0101l\u0101 un laika l\u012bdz\u012bba<\/h3>\n

          Da\u017eas kult\u016bras, \u012bpa\u0161i cukurniedres, d\u017euta un noteikti z\u0101l\u0101ji, NDVI vai EVI laika rind\u0101s rada fenolo\u0123isk\u0101s l\u012bknes, kas ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas r\u012bsu l\u012bkn\u0113m, radot klasifik\u0101cijas neskaidr\u012bbas. Uz SAR balst\u012bta pl\u016bdu noteik\u0161ana samazina \u0161o neskaidr\u012bbu attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz zemienes r\u012bsiem, bet kalnu r\u012bsu sist\u0113mas bez appl\u016bdu\u0161iem laukiem joproj\u0101m ir gr\u016bti at\u0161\u0137irt no spektr\u0101li l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m bez papildu lauka datiem vai papildu \u0123eogr\u0101fiskiem ievades datiem.<\/p>\n

          4. Laika iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas ierobe\u017eojumi<\/h3>\n

          R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ca un kult\u016bras tipa kart\u0113\u0161anai, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti, ir nepiecie\u0161ama bl\u012bva laika paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana, ide\u0101l\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 vismaz viens nov\u0113rojums ik p\u0113c 8\u201310 dien\u0101m vis\u0101 aug\u0161anas sezon\u0101. Ja m\u0101ko\u0146u sega vai satel\u012btu orb\u012btu nepiln\u012bbas samazina \u0161o laika bl\u012bvumu, automatiz\u0113ti noteik\u0161anas algoritmi var piln\u012bb\u0101 nepaman\u012bt \u012bslaic\u012bgas r\u012bsu \u0161\u0137irnes vai \u0101tras tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161as ra\u017eas sezonas.<\/p>\n

          5. Zemes datu ierobe\u017eojumi<\/h3>\n

          Augstas kvalit\u0101tes mar\u0137\u0113ti apm\u0101c\u012bbas dati, lauka nov\u0113rojumi, kas atbilst zin\u0101miem kult\u016braugu veidiem un apsaimnieko\u0161anas praks\u0113m, joproj\u0101m ir d\u0101rgi un lo\u0123istiski gr\u016bti v\u0101cami t\u0101d\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101, k\u0101ds nepiecie\u0161ams, lai apm\u0101c\u012btu un valid\u0113tu valsts kart\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113mas. Daudz\u0101s r\u012bsu ra\u017eo\u0161anas valst\u012bs ar zemiem ien\u0101kumiem cilv\u0113kresursu un finansi\u0101l\u0101s iesp\u0113jas sistem\u0101tiskai zemes datu v\u0101k\u0161anai ir liel\u0101kais ierobe\u017eojums kart\u0113\u0161anas precizit\u0101tes uzlabo\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

          Jaun\u0101s tendences un r\u012bsu monitoringa n\u0101kotne<\/h2>\n

          1. Bezpilota lidapar\u0101tu un dronu b\u0101zes r\u012bsu monitorings<\/h3>\n

          Bezpilota lidapar\u0101ti (UAV), kas apr\u012bkoti ar multispektr\u0101liem un termiskiem sensoriem, tagad nodro\u0161ina centimetru l\u012bme\u0146a att\u0113lus virs atsevi\u0161\u0137\u0101m saimniec\u012bb\u0101m, nosakot lauku robe\u017eas, kult\u016braugu rindas un pat atsevi\u0161\u0137u augu vesel\u012bbas st\u0101vokli. UAV darbojas k\u0101 tilts starp satel\u012btu m\u0113roga kart\u0113\u0161anu un atsevi\u0161\u0137u augu nov\u0113ro\u0161anu, nodro\u0161inot \u012bpa\u0161i augstas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas zemes paties\u012bbas datus, kas nepiecie\u0161ami, lai apm\u0101c\u012btu un valid\u0113tu satel\u012btu mode\u013cus fragment\u0113t\u0101s ainavas apst\u0101k\u013cos.<\/p>\n

          2. M\u0101ksl\u012bgais intelekts un dzi\u013c\u0101 m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s r\u012bsu klasifik\u0101cijai<\/h3>\n

          Konvolucion\u0101lie neironu t\u012bkli, kas tiek pielietoti satel\u012btatt\u0113lu laika rind\u0101m, apvienojum\u0101 ar transformatoru arhitekt\u016br\u0101m, kas piel\u0101gotas no dabisk\u0101s valodas apstr\u0101des, pa\u0161laik sasniedz augst\u0101ko jebkad zi\u0146oto r\u012bsu klasifik\u0101cijas precizit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

          PRISM (fenolo\u0123ij\u0101 balst\u012bta r\u012bsu kult\u016bru identifik\u0101cijas sist\u0113ma, izmantojot vair\u0101ku avotu datus) sist\u0113ma, ko 2024. gad\u0101 public\u0113ja Vageningenas Universit\u0101tes p\u0113tnieki, par\u0101d\u012bja, ka pa\u0161vad\u012bta m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s nemar\u0137\u0113tos satel\u012btu arh\u012bvos var\u0113tu iepriek\u0161 apm\u0101c\u012bt r\u012bsu klasifik\u0101cijas mode\u013cus, kuriem preciz\u0113\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ami tikai minim\u0101li mar\u0137\u0113ti zemes dati, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di iev\u0113rojami samazinot lauka apsekojuma slogu.<\/p>\n

          3. Gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaika r\u012bsu uzraudz\u012bbas sist\u0113mas<\/h3>\n

          Gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaik\u0101 darbojo\u0161\u0101s r\u012bsu monitoringa sist\u0113mas autom\u0101tiski apstr\u0101d\u0101 ien\u0101ko\u0161os satel\u012btu datus, atjaunina r\u012bsu kartes ar 10\u201316 dienu interv\u0101lu un pieg\u0101d\u0101 br\u012bdin\u0101jumus par s\u0113\u0161anas datumiem, \u016bdens stresa gad\u012bjumiem un ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laiku tie\u0161i vald\u012bbas inform\u0101cijas pane\u013ciem vai mobilaj\u0101m lietotn\u0113m, ko izmanto lauksaimnieki un lauksaimniec\u012bbas konsultanti.<\/p>\n

          Taizemes R\u012bsu departaments un Vjetnamas Lauksaimniec\u012bbas ministrija abas izmanto \u0161\u0101da veida prototipu sist\u0113mas, un Starptautiskais r\u012bsu p\u0113tniec\u012bbas instit\u016bts atbalsta l\u012bdz\u012bgu sp\u0113ju att\u012bst\u012bbu Banglade\u0161\u0101 un Kambod\u017e\u0101.<\/p>\n

          4. Satel\u012btu un lietu interneta datu integr\u0101cija<\/h3>\n

          R\u012bsu laukos izvietotie lietu interneta (IoT) sensori, kas m\u0113ra augsnes mitrumu, \u016bdens l\u012bmeni, temperat\u016bru un koku lapotnes mikroklimatu, \u0123ener\u0113 nep\u0101rtrauktus zemes l\u012bme\u0146a nov\u0113rojumus, kas papildina un kalibr\u0113 satel\u012btu t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datus.<\/p>\n

          Kad lietu interneta (IoT) sensoru t\u012bkli un satel\u012btu nov\u0113rojumi tiek apvienoti datu apvieno\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101s, ieg\u016bt\u0101 uzraudz\u012bbas sist\u0113ma var noteikt \u016bdens noslodzi, pl\u016bdu s\u0101k\u0161anos un slim\u012bbu spiedienu ar liel\u0101ku ticam\u012bbu un agr\u0101ku izpildes laiku nek\u0101 katrs no avotiem atsevi\u0161\u0137i.<\/p>\n

          5. Digit\u0101l\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba un vied\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba<\/h3>\n

          Satel\u012btu r\u012bsu kart\u0113\u0161anas, lietu interneta (IoT) sensoru un m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta vad\u012bta l\u0113mumu atbalsta konver\u0123ence rada vied\u0101s r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas pamatus, kur p\u0101rvald\u012bbas l\u0113mumi, s\u0101kot no ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas laika noteik\u0161anas l\u012bdz m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu lieto\u0161anai, tiek pie\u0146emti, pamatojoties uz telpiski skaidr\u0101m, gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaika datu pl\u016bsm\u0101m, nevis uz kalend\u0101ru balst\u012btiem \u012bk\u0161\u0137a noteikumiem.<\/p>\n

          Pilotprogrammas Jap\u0101nas \u0145iigatas prefekt\u016br\u0101 un \u0136\u012bnas Heilundzjanas provinc\u0113 ir par\u0101d\u012bju\u0161as, ka prec\u012bza r\u012bsu apsaimnieko\u0161ana, kuras pamat\u0101 ir t\u0101lizp\u0113te, var samazin\u0101t izejvielu izmaksas, 15-25%<\/strong> vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot vai uzlabojot ra\u017eu, saska\u0146\u0101 ar provizoriskiem lauka izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumu zi\u0146ojumiem no 2024. gada.<\/p>\n

          Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n

          R\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas mode\u013ca un kult\u016bras tipa kart\u0113\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti, ir nobriedusi no akad\u0113miskas p\u0113tniec\u012bbas discipl\u012bnas par operat\u012bvu r\u012bku, ko izmanto vald\u012bbas, starptautiskas a\u0123ent\u016bras un lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123iju platformas vis\u0101 \u0100zij\u0101 un \u0101rpus t\u0101s. Daudzsensoru laika rindu pieejas, kas apvieno optiskos un SAR datus, apstr\u0101d\u0101tus, izmantojot ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s un dzi\u013c\u0101s m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s klasifikatorus, tagad regul\u0101ri nodro\u0161ina r\u012bsu plat\u012bbu kartes valsts m\u0113rog\u0101 ar kop\u0113jo precizit\u0101ti, kas p\u0101rsniedz 85\u201390%. \u0160\u012bs kartes ne tikai nosaka, kur aug r\u012bsi, bet ar\u012b cik reizes gad\u0101, k\u0101d\u0101 \u016bdens re\u017e\u012bm\u0101 un ar k\u0101du ier\u012bko\u0161anas metodi.<\/p>\n

          P\u0101rejot no vienk\u0101r\u0161as r\u012bsu plat\u012bbu kart\u0113\u0161anas uz kult\u016bras tipa klasifik\u0101ciju, zemes seguma produkts tiek p\u0101rveidots par lauksaimniec\u012bbas inform\u0101cijas avotu. Apzi\u0146a, ka re\u0123ions desmit gadu laik\u0101 ir p\u0101rg\u0101jis no p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012bto r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas uz tie\u0161\u0101s s\u0113klas r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anu, vienlaikus signaliz\u0113 par darba tirgus izmai\u0146\u0101m un grunts\u016bdens l\u012bme\u0146a samazin\u0101\u0161anos. Zinot, kuras lietus ap\u016bde\u0146ot\u0101s teritorijas ir visneaizsarg\u0101t\u0101k\u0101s pret sezonas s\u0101kuma sausuma periodiem, ko identific\u0113 p\u0113c to laika spektra mode\u013ciem, ir iesp\u0113jams iepriek\u0161 rea\u0123\u0113t uz sausumu, nevis veikt reakt\u012bvu katastrofu seku likvid\u0113\u0161anu. T\u0101lizp\u0113te padara \u0161\u0101da l\u012bme\u0146a telpisko inform\u0101ciju iesp\u0113jamu par daudz zem\u0101k\u0101m izmaks\u0101m nek\u0101 l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bgas zemes izp\u0113tes programmas.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          R\u012bsi baro vair\u0101k nek\u0101 3,5 miljardus cilv\u0113ku vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113, tom\u0113r maz\u0101k nek\u0101 60% r\u012bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas plat\u012bbu ir apr\u012bkotas ar prec\u012bz\u0101m un atjaunin\u0101t\u0101m audz\u0113\u0161anas kart\u0113m, liecina Starptautisk\u0101s r\u012bsu...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":13326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1378],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-remote-sensing"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMapping Rice Cropping Pattern and Cultural Type Using Remote Sensing - 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