{"id":13161,"date":"2026-05-17T20:24:42","date_gmt":"2026-05-17T18:24:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=13161"},"modified":"2026-05-17T20:24:42","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T18:24:42","slug":"vietai-specifisku-apsaimniekosanas-zonu-noteiksana-sipolu-augsanas-veicinasanai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/delineation-of-site-specific-management-zones-to-enhance-growth-of-onion\/","title":{"rendered":"Vietai specifisku apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonu noteik\u0161ana s\u012bpolu aug\u0161anas veicin\u0101\u0161anai"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Saska\u0146\u0101 ar FAO 2024. gada kult\u016braugu bar\u012bbas vielu zi\u0146ojumu, za\u013co s\u012bpolu ra\u017eo\u0161ana pasaul\u0113 2024. gad\u0101 p\u0101rsniedza 105 miljonus metrisko tonnu, tom\u0113r lauka l\u012bme\u0146a bar\u012bbas vielu izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te vairum\u0101 komerci\u0101lo saimniec\u012bbu joproj\u0101m ir zem 40%, un \u0161\u012b nepiln\u012bba tiek tie\u0161i risin\u0101ta ar konkr\u0113t\u0101m viet\u0101m saist\u012bt\u0101m apsaimnieko\u0161anas zon\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u013co s\u012bpolu (Allium cepa L.) audz\u0113\u0161anas zonu noteik\u0161ana konkr\u0113tai vietai k\u013c\u016bst par vienu no praktiski \u012bstenojam\u0101kaj\u0101m strat\u0113\u0123ij\u0101m prec\u012bzaj\u0101 d\u0101rzkop\u012bb\u0101, kas \u013cauj audz\u0113t\u0101jiem prec\u012bzi piel\u0101got m\u0113slojuma pat\u0113ri\u0146u augsnes telpiskajai main\u012bbai. Apvienojot \u0123eostatistisko anal\u012bzi, klasteru algoritmus, \u0122IS kart\u0113\u0161anu un uz kult\u016braugiem balst\u012btus r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus, piem\u0113ram, NDVI un SPAD v\u0113rt\u012bbas, lauksaimnieki var sadal\u012bt vienu lauku atsevi\u0161\u0137\u0101s apstr\u0101des vien\u012bb\u0101s, katrai sa\u0146emot tie\u0161i nepiecie\u0161amo bar\u012bbas vielu mais\u012bjumu.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u0101p\u0113c za\u013co s\u012bpolu audz\u0113\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ama jauna pieeja bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bbai<\/h2>\n<p>Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Starptautisk\u0101 tirdzniec\u012bbas centra datiem, loci\u0146i (Allium cepa L.) ir viena no pasaul\u0113 ekonomiski noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101kaj\u0101m d\u0101rze\u0146u kult\u016br\u0101m, un 2025. gad\u0101 to glob\u0101l\u0101 tirdzniec\u012bbas v\u0113rt\u012bba tika l\u0113sta 14,8 miljardu ASV dol\u0101ru apm\u0113r\u0101. Papildus komerci\u0101lajam svaram loci\u0146i ir neat\u0146emama uztura sast\u0101vda\u013ca \u0100zij\u0101, Tuvajos Austrumos un Lat\u012b\u0146amerik\u0101, kur tie nodro\u0161ina miljoniem cilv\u0113ku uztur\u0101 svar\u012bgus mikroelementus un bioakt\u012bvus savienojumus.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101 \u012bsais aug\u0161anas cikls \u2014 parasti 60 l\u012bdz 90 dienas no ies\u0113\u0161anas l\u012bdz ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anai \u2014 padara to pievilc\u012bgu intens\u012bv\u0101m audz\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101m, ta\u010du tas pats kompaktums neatst\u0101j gandr\u012bz nek\u0101das iesp\u0113jas nepareizai bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101dei laik\u0101 vai nepareizai telpas p\u0101rvald\u012bbai. Galven\u0101 probl\u0113ma za\u013co s\u012bpolu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 ir t\u0101, ka neviens lauks nav vienm\u0113r\u012bgs.<\/p>\n<p>Augsnes organisko vielu saturs, pH l\u012bmenis, pieejamais sl\u0101peklis, dren\u0101\u017eas sp\u0113ja un mikrobu aktivit\u0101te da\u017e\u0101dos lauka st\u016bros at\u0161\u0137iras, da\u017ereiz pat dramatiski da\u017eu metru robe\u017e\u0101s. Kad lauksaimnieki vis\u0101 lauk\u0101 lieto vien\u0101du m\u0113slo\u0161anas devu \u2014 tradicion\u0101l\u0101 pieeja \u2014, vi\u0146i neizb\u0113gami da\u017eas zonas p\u0101rm\u0113slo, bet citas \u2014 nepietiekami.<\/p>\n<p>Rezult\u0101t\u0101 rodas nelietder\u012bgi izt\u0113r\u0113tas izejvielu izmaksas, vides pies\u0101r\u0146ojums p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas bar\u012bbas vielu izskalo\u0161an\u0101s d\u0113\u013c un nevienm\u0113r\u012bga ra\u017eas kvalit\u0101te, kas neatbilst m\u016bsdienu eksporta tirgu \u0161\u0137iro\u0161anas standartiem. \u0160eit k\u0101 p\u0101rveidojo\u0161s risin\u0101jums noder konkr\u0113tai vietai paredz\u0113tu apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonu (SSMZ) noteik\u0161ana.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160\u012b koncepcija n\u0101k no pla\u0161\u0101kas prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas jomas, un t\u0101 darbojas, identific\u0113jot lauka zonas ar l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101m augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m un kult\u016braugu reakcijas potenci\u0101lu, p\u0113c tam katru zonu uzskatot par neatkar\u012bgu apsaimnieko\u0161anas vien\u012bbu. \u012apa\u0161i attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz za\u013cajiem s\u012bpoliem \u0161\u012b pieeja saska\u0146o bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101di ar kult\u016braugu telpiski main\u012bgo piepras\u012bjumu, un t\u0101s pamat\u0101 eso\u0161ie zin\u0101tniskie dati tagad ir pietiekami pamatoti, lai tos var\u0113tu praktiski ieviest saimniec\u012bb\u0101s.<\/p>\n<h2>Izpratne par konkr\u0113tai vietai paredz\u0113t\u0101m p\u0101rvald\u012bbas zon\u0101m prec\u012bzaj\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>vietai specifiska p\u0101rvald\u012bbas zona (SSMZ)<\/strong> (atsevi\u0161\u0137a lauka apak\u0161zona, kurai piem\u012bt relat\u012bvi homog\u0113nas augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas un kult\u016braugu ra\u017eo\u0161anas potenci\u0101ls) ir prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas pamatvien\u012bba. Lo\u0123ika ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a: ja nevarat p\u0101rvald\u012bt to, ko nevarat izm\u0113r\u012bt, j\u016bs noteikti nevarat uzlabot to, ko uzskat\u0101t par vienm\u0113r\u012bgu, ja tas t\u0101ds nav.<\/p>\n<p>SSMZ aizst\u0101j lauka l\u012bme\u0146a homogenit\u0101tes pie\u0146\u0113mumu ar telpisko realit\u0101ti, kas ieg\u016bta no faktiskajiem datiem. Telpisk\u0101 main\u012bba \u2014 dabisk\u0101s un cilv\u0113ka izrais\u012bt\u0101s at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas augsnes un vides \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101s vis\u0101 lauk\u0101 \u2014 ietekm\u0113 gandr\u012bz visus kult\u016braugu ra\u017eas aspektus.<\/p>\n<p>Tradicion\u0101li apsaimniekot\u0101 lauk\u0101 sabl\u012bv\u0113tas augsnes ple\u0137\u012btis ar zemu organisko vielu saturu un dzi\u013ca, augl\u012bga m\u0101laina augsnes ple\u0137\u012btis sa\u0146em vien\u0101du m\u0113slojuma daudzumu. Sabl\u012bv\u0113taj\u0101 ple\u0137\u012bt\u012b var sasniegt toksisku s\u0101\u013cu l\u012bmeni, kam\u0113r augl\u012bgaj\u0101 ple\u0137\u012bt\u012b tr\u016bkst m\u0113slojuma. \u0160\u012b neatbilst\u012bba rada gan produktivit\u0101tes zudumu, gan vides apdraud\u0113jumu.<\/p>\n<p>Ir daudz faktoru, kas ietekm\u0113 lauka main\u012bgumu d\u0101rze\u0146u ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. Augsnes tekst\u016bra nosaka \u016bdens aiztures sp\u0113ju un bar\u012bbas vielu aizturi. Organisk\u0101s vielas regul\u0113 sl\u0101pek\u013ca mineraliz\u0101cijas \u0101trumu un biolo\u0123isko aktivit\u0101ti. Augstums un sl\u012bpums ietekm\u0113 dren\u0101\u017eu, erozijas v\u0113sturi un mikroklimatu.<\/p>\n<p>Augl\u012bbas v\u0113sture \u2014 iepriek\u0161\u0113jie lieto\u0161anas mode\u013ci, augsekas, erozijas gad\u012bjumi \u2014 atst\u0101j palieko\u0161as p\u0113das uz bar\u012bbas vielu pieejam\u012bbu. Za\u013cajiem s\u012bpoliem, kas ir \u012bpa\u0161i jut\u012bgi pret sl\u0101pek\u013ca, k\u0101lija un s\u0113ra l\u012bmeni, \u0161\u012bs at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas tie\u0161i ietekm\u0113 ra\u017eas un kvalit\u0101tes at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas, kas ir redzamas ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>SSMZ norobe\u017eo\u0161ana sniedz konkr\u0113tus ieguvumus d\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113t\u0101jiem. T\u0101 samazina kop\u0113j\u0101s m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu izmaksas, m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi izmantojot tikai nepiecie\u0161amos resursus. T\u0101 uzlabo vides atbilst\u012bbu, samazinot bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos \u0101rpus lauka. T\u0101 paaugstina produkcijas viendab\u012bgumu, kas ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi, lai atbilstu lielveikalu kvalit\u0101tes specifik\u0101cij\u0101m. Un t\u0101 sniedz lauksaimniekiem dokument\u0113tu, uz kartes balst\u012btu inform\u0101ciju par vi\u0146u lauka produktivit\u0101tes potenci\u0101lu, ko var preciz\u0113t sezonu p\u0113c sezonas.<\/p>\n<h2>Kas padara zon\u0101 balst\u012btu p\u0101rvald\u012bbu tik noz\u012bm\u012bgu s\u012bpolu biolo\u0123ijai<\/h2>\n<p>Za\u013co s\u012bpolu bar\u012bbas vielu vajadz\u012bbas nav nemain\u012bgas \u2014 t\u0101s iev\u0113rojami main\u0101s da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101s, padarot m\u0113slojuma izvietojuma telpisko precizit\u0101ti v\u0113l svar\u012bg\u0101ku. Agr\u012bn\u0101s ve\u0123et\u0101cijas laik\u0101 (no pirm\u0101s l\u012bdz tre\u0161ajai ned\u0113\u013cai) kult\u016braugs priorit\u0101ri dod fosforu sak\u0146u pagarin\u0101\u0161anai un sl\u0101pekli lapu veido\u0161anai.<\/p>\n<p>Strauj\u0101s s\u012bpolu veido\u0161an\u0101s un lapu papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161an\u0101s f\u0101z\u0113 (no ceturt\u0101s l\u012bdz sept\u012btajai ned\u0113\u013cai) strauji palielin\u0101s k\u0101lija piepras\u012bjums, lai regul\u0113tu turgora spiedienu un og\u013chidr\u0101tu sadal\u012b\u0161anos. P\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 nobrie\u0161anas posm\u0101 s\u0113rs k\u013c\u016bst kritiski svar\u012bgs ciste\u012bna sulfoks\u012bda savienojumu sint\u0113zei, kas s\u012bpoliem pie\u0161\u0137ir rakstur\u012bgo asumu un uzglab\u0101\u0161anas laiku.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u013co s\u012bpolu sak\u0146u sist\u0113ma ir sekla un \u0161\u0137iedraina, parasti nesniedzas dzi\u013c\u0101k par 30 l\u012bdz 40 centimetriem, un liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca akt\u012bv\u0101s uzs\u016bk\u0161an\u0101s notiek augsnes virsk\u0101rt\u0101 15 l\u012bdz 20 centimetros. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka kult\u016braugs ir piln\u012bb\u0101 atkar\u012bgs no augsnes virsk\u0101rtas bar\u012bbas vielu st\u0101vok\u013ca, kas ir ar\u012b sl\u0101nis, kuru visvair\u0101k ietekm\u0113 telpisk\u0101 main\u012bba.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>organisk\u0101s vielas,<\/li>\n<li>sabl\u012bv\u0113\u0161an\u0101s un<\/li>\n<li>ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sadale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zon\u0101 ar zem\u0101ku \u016bdens notur\u0113\u0161anas sp\u0113ju bar\u012bbas vielas izskalosies \u0101tr\u0101k no \u0161\u012bs kritisk\u0101s sak\u0146u zonas, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101da pati m\u0113slojuma deva sniegs iev\u0113rojami maz\u0101ku labumu nek\u0101 blakus eso\u0161aj\u0101, lab\u0101k struktur\u0113taj\u0101 augsn\u0113.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u013cie s\u012bpoli ir \u012bpa\u0161i jut\u012bgi pret augsnes s\u0101\u013cumu. Ja elektrovad\u012btsp\u0113jas (EC) v\u0113rt\u012bbas p\u0101rsniedz 1,2 dS\/m (slieksnis, kas atbilst aptuveni 770 mg\/l iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdu\u0161o s\u0101\u013cu), aug\u0161ana un s\u012bpolu att\u012bst\u012bba ir iev\u0113rojami nom\u0101kta.<\/p>\n<p>Laukos ar main\u012bgu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas v\u0113sturi vai kur m\u0113slojums sezon\u0101s ir uzkr\u0101jies nevienm\u0113r\u012bgi, EK var sv\u0101rst\u012bties no 0,6 l\u012bdz vair\u0101k nek\u0101 2,0 dS\/m viena 1 hekt\u0101ra blok\u0101. Bez zonu noteik\u0161anas visp\u0101r\u0113ja m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161ana v\u0113l vair\u0101k noslogos zonas ar augstu EK, savuk\u0101rt zonas ar zemu EK tiks atst\u0101tas nepietiekami barotas.<\/p>\n<p>Kvalit\u0101tes parametri, kas nosaka tirgojamus za\u013cos s\u012bpolus \u2014 s\u012bpola diametrs, lapas garums, hlorofila saturs, kop\u0113j\u0101s \u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161\u0101s cietvielas (TSS) un asuma pak\u0101pe \u2014 ir tie\u0161i ietekm\u0113ti ar bar\u012bbas vielu atbilst\u012bbu un telpisko precizit\u0101ti. Kult\u016bras, kas sa\u0146em sabalans\u0113tu, zonai atbilsto\u0161u bar\u012bbu, vienm\u0113r rada stingr\u0101kas izm\u0113ru kategorijas un lab\u0101ku uzglab\u0101\u0161anas laiku p\u0113c ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas, tie\u0161i uzlabojot saimniec\u012bbas ie\u0146\u0113mumus.<\/p>\n<h2>Datu fonds zonu noteik\u0161anai<\/h2>\n<h3>1. Augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, kas nosaka zonas robe\u017eas<\/h3>\n<p>Augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana ir jebkura SSMZ robe\u017eu noteik\u0161anas s\u0101kuma punkts. Paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas pl\u0101na izv\u0113lei ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi liela noz\u012bme. <strong>Re\u017e\u0123veida augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana<\/strong> (sav\u0101cot paraugus regul\u0101ros telpiskos interv\u0101los, parasti ik p\u0113c 0,5 l\u012bdz 1 hekt\u0101ra) tiek \u0123ener\u0113ts datu punktu bl\u012bvums, kas nepiecie\u0161ams uzticamai interpol\u0101cijai. Katrs paraugs tiek analiz\u0113ts, lai noteiktu augsnes tekst\u016bru (smiltis, d\u016b\u0146as, m\u0101la frakcijas), organisko vielu saturu, pH l\u012bmeni, elektrovad\u012btsp\u0113ju un pieejamos makroelementus un mikroelementus, tostarp<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sl\u0101peklis (N),<\/li>\n<li>fosfors (P),<\/li>\n<li>k\u0101lijs (K),<\/li>\n<li>s\u0113rs (S),<\/li>\n<li>cinks (Zn) un<\/li>\n<li>dzelzs (Fe).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Augsnes organisk\u0101 viela ir \u012bpa\u0161i svar\u012bga k\u0101 zonu noteico\u0161ais main\u012bgais, jo t\u0101 apvieno vair\u0101kus procesus \u2014 \u016bdens aizturi, katjonu apmai\u0146as sp\u0113ju, sl\u0101pek\u013ca mineraliz\u0101ciju un biolo\u0123isko aktivit\u0101ti \u2014 vien\u0101 izm\u0113r\u0101m\u0101 indikator\u0101. Laukos, kur organisk\u0101s vielas saturs 2 hekt\u0101ru plat\u012bb\u0101 sv\u0101rst\u0101s no 0,8% l\u012bdz 2,5%, sl\u0101pek\u013ca pieejam\u012bba b\u016bs iev\u0113rojami at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bga pat identisku m\u0113slo\u0161anas re\u017e\u012bmu gad\u012bjum\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>L\u012bdz\u012bgi augsnes pH ietekm\u0113 fosfora pieejam\u012bbu t\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101, kas mazina pielietot\u0101 P daudzuma ietekmi: pie pH 5,5 fosfora fiks\u0101cija ar alum\u012bniju un dzelzi var imobiliz\u0113t l\u012bdz pat 80% pielietot\u0101 fosf\u0101ta, savuk\u0101rt pie pH 6,5 ar t\u0101du pa\u0161u devu tiek sasniegta 70 l\u012bdz 80% augu pieejam\u012bba. Galven\u0101s augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, ko izmanto zonu noteik\u0161anai za\u013co s\u012bpolu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, ir \u0161\u0101das:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Augsnes tekst\u016bra un tilpuma bl\u012bvums<\/strong>, kas nosaka hidraulisko vad\u012btsp\u0113ju un sak\u0146u iespie\u0161an\u0101s pretest\u012bbu, tie\u0161i ietekm\u0113jot bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos caur profilu un kult\u016braugu fizisko sp\u0113ju piek\u013c\u016bt dzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101m mitruma rezerv\u0113m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Augsnes organisko vielu saturs,<\/strong> kas ir galvenais dabisk\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca pieg\u0101des un mikrobu aktivit\u0101tes virz\u012bt\u0101jsp\u0113ks un ko var izmaksu zi\u0146\u0101 efekt\u012bvi kart\u0113t, izmantojot redzam\u0101s gaismas tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 (VNIR) augsnes spektroskopiju vis\u0101 lauk\u0101.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Augsnes pH un elektrovad\u012btsp\u0113ja (EC),<\/strong> kas kontrol\u0113 visu galveno un maz\u0101k svar\u012bgo bar\u012bbas vielu \u0137\u012bmisko pieejam\u012bbu un ko var izm\u0113r\u012bt re\u0101llaik\u0101 ar GPS savienotiem mobilajiem sensoriem, kas tiek vilkti p\u0101ri lauka virsmai.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Makroelementu statuss (N, P, K, S) un mikroelementu l\u012bme\u0146i (Zn, Fe, Mn, B),<\/strong> kas atspogu\u013co katras zonas t\u016bl\u012bt\u0113ju bar\u012bbas vielu s\u0101kumpunktu un nosaka pirms st\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas nepiecie\u0161amo korekt\u012bv\u0101s uzlabo\u0161anas \u0101trumu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Uz kult\u016braugiem balst\u012bti indikatori zonu robe\u017eu valid\u0113\u0161anai<\/h3>\n<p>Augsnes dati vien neatspogu\u013co visu ainu. Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas period\u0101 apkopotie kult\u016braugu reakcijas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji apstiprina un preciz\u0113 no augsnes kart\u0113m noteikt\u0101s zonu robe\u017eas. <strong>NDVI<\/strong> (Normaliz\u0113ts diferenci\u0101l\u0101s ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss, ar satel\u012btu vai dronu ieg\u016bts za\u013c\u0101s biomasas un fotosint\u0113zes sp\u0113ka m\u0113rs) ir vispla\u0161\u0101k izmantotais kult\u016braugu indikators SSMZ darb\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Tas kvantific\u0113, cik daudz gaismas kult\u016braugu vainags absorb\u0113 tuvaj\u0101 infrasarkanaj\u0101 diapazon\u0101 attiec\u012bb\u0101 pret redzamo sarkano gaismu, ieg\u016bstot v\u0113rt\u012bbas no -1 l\u012bdz +1, kur labi barotiem za\u013cajiem s\u012bpoliem ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s aug\u0161anas maksimuma laik\u0101 parasti ir no 0,55 l\u012bdz 0,75.<\/p>\n<p>SPAD v\u0113rt\u012bbas \u2014 r\u0101d\u012bjumi no rokas hlorofila m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ja (Augsnes augu anal\u012bzes att\u012bst\u012bbas m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101js), kas nedestrukt\u012bvi nov\u0113rt\u0113 lapu hlorofila saturu, \u2014 sniedz tie\u0161u sl\u0101pek\u013ca uztura st\u0101vok\u013ca r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju lapu l\u012bmen\u012b.<\/p>\n<p>\u017durn\u0101l\u0101 Agronomy (2023) public\u0113ts p\u0113t\u012bjums par\u0101d\u012bja, ka SPAD v\u0113rt\u012bbas za\u013co s\u012bpolu lap\u0101s zem 42 dro\u0161i nor\u0101d\u012bja uz sl\u0101pek\u013ca defic\u012btu, kas prasa korekt\u012bvu virsm\u0113slo\u0161anu, savuk\u0101rt v\u0113rt\u012bbas virs 55 signaliz\u0113ja par nelielo pat\u0113ri\u0146u un potenci\u0101lu N slodzi augsn\u0113. SPAD vari\u0101ciju kart\u0113\u0161ana vis\u0101 lauk\u0101 rada re\u0101llaika sl\u0101pek\u013ca statusa karti, kas papildina pirmssezonas augsnes nitr\u0101tu datus.<\/p>\n<p>Augu augstums, lapu skaits un svaig\u0101 biomasa uz plat\u012bbas vien\u012bbu ir papildu uz kult\u016braugiem balst\u012bti r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji, kas tiek apkopoti zonu reprezentat\u012bvos paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas punktos. \u0160ie fizik\u0101lie m\u0113r\u012bjumi pamato zonu klasifik\u0101cijas, kas ieg\u016btas no t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datiem un augsnes \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101 sast\u0101va, nodro\u0161inot, ka gal\u012bg\u0101 zonas karte atspogu\u013co faktisko kult\u016braugu sniegumu, nevis tikai prognoz\u0113to sniegumu.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Vides un topogr\u0101fiskie faktori<\/h3>\n<p>Topogr\u0101fiskie dati, kas apkopoti, izmantojot GPS iesp\u0113jotu uzm\u0113r\u012b\u0161anu, vai ieg\u016bti no digit\u0101lajiem augstuma mode\u013ciem (DEM), pievieno kritisku fizisko sl\u0101ni zonu noteik\u0161anai. Pat 0,5 metru augstuma at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas l\u012bdzen\u0101 lauk\u0101 var rad\u012bt noz\u012bm\u012bgas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dren\u0101\u017ea,<\/li>\n<li>aukst\u0101 gaisa uzkr\u0101\u0161an\u0101s un<\/li>\n<li>ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas noteces mode\u013ci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sl\u012bpuma aspekts ietekm\u0113 augsnes temperat\u016bru un evapotranspir\u0101ciju, savuk\u0101rt ieliekt\u0101s ainavas poz\u012bcij\u0101s laika gait\u0101 uzkr\u0101jas \u016bdens, organisk\u0101s vielas un izskalot\u0101s bar\u012bbas vielas, padarot t\u0101s sistem\u0101tiski augl\u012bg\u0101kas nek\u0101 izliekt\u0101s gr\u0113du l\u012bnijas. Augsnes mitruma main\u012bgums, ko m\u0113ra ar laika dom\u0113na reflektometrijas (TDR) sensoriem vai nov\u0113rt\u0113 no termiskajiem infrasarkanajiem att\u0113liem, atspogu\u013co dinamisko \u016bdens pieejam\u012bbu da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s zon\u0101s.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101 k\u0101 za\u013co s\u012bpolu sak\u0146u bar\u012bbas vielu uz\u0146em\u0161anu galvenok\u0101rt nosaka masas pl\u016bsma (bar\u012bbas vielas p\u0101rvietojas uz sakn\u0113m, kas iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdu\u0161as augsnes \u016bden\u012b), zonas ar hroniski zem\u0101ku mitruma saturu sakn\u0113m pieg\u0101d\u0101 maz\u0101k bar\u012bbas vielu masas pat tad, ja \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101 koncentr\u0101cija augsnes \u0161\u0137\u012bdum\u0101 ir identiska mitr\u0101k\u0101m zon\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u0161ia un l\u012bdzautori (Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2024) atkl\u0101ja, ka lauki, kas iedal\u012bti tr\u012bs SSMZ klas\u0113s, pamatojoties uz kombin\u0113tajiem augsnes EK, organisko vielu un NDVI datiem, sasniedza <strong>31% kop\u0113j\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca daudzuma samazin\u0101jums<\/strong> sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar vienotas likmes p\u0101rvald\u012bbu, vienlaikus palielinot tirgojamo ra\u017eu, <strong>18%<\/strong> augsta potenci\u0101la zon\u0101 un saglab\u0101jot ienes\u012bguma parit\u0101ti vid\u0113j\u0101 zon\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Audz\u0113t\u0101ji var samazin\u0101t sl\u0101pek\u013ca izmaksas gandr\u012bz par tre\u0161da\u013cu, nezaud\u0113jot ra\u017eu, novirzot ietaup\u012bjumus no p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgi m\u0113slot\u0101m zon\u0101m uz pareizi doz\u0113t\u0101m augsta potenci\u0101la zon\u0101m.<\/p>\n<h2>Apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonu noteik\u0161anas metodes<\/h2>\n<p>Neapstr\u0101d\u0101ti augsnes un kult\u016braugu dati, kas sav\u0101kti no re\u017e\u0123a paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas un t\u0101lizp\u0113tes, ir j\u0101p\u0101rveido praktiski izmantojam\u0101s zonu kart\u0113s. \u0160\u012b p\u0101rveido\u0161ana notiek p\u0113c lo\u0123iskas anal\u012btisku darb\u012bbu sec\u012bbas, kas p\u0101riet no neapstr\u0101d\u0101tiem punktu datiem uz vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101m nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101m kart\u0113m un atsevi\u0161\u0137\u0101m apsaimnieko\u0161anas klas\u0113m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>1. Re\u017e\u0123veida augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana<\/strong> Ar telpisko bl\u012bvumu 1 paraugs uz 0,5 l\u012bdz 1 hekt\u0101ru ieg\u016bst \u0123eoreferenc\u0113tus datu punktus. Katrs punkts satur GPS koordin\u0101tas un laboratorijas v\u0113rt\u012bbas izm\u0113r\u012btaj\u0101m augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>2. \u0122eostatistisk\u0101 anal\u012bze<\/strong> (telpisk\u0101s statistikas meto\u017eu saime, kas model\u0113 struktur\u0113tu telpisko atkar\u012bbu starp parauga punktiem) s\u0101kas ar variogrammas model\u0113\u0161anu. Variogramma kvantific\u0113, k\u0101 augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu l\u012bdz\u012bba samazin\u0101s, palielinoties att\u0101lumam starp diviem punktiem. Piel\u0101gotais variogrammas modelis p\u0113c tam defin\u0113 interpol\u0101cijas svarus, kas tiek izmantoti n\u0101kamaj\u0101 sol\u012b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>3. Krigings<\/strong> (optim\u0101la telpisk\u0101s interpol\u0101cijas metode, kas izmanto variogrammas parametrus, lai nov\u0113rt\u0113tu v\u0113rt\u012bbas neatlas\u012bt\u0101s viet\u0101s ar izm\u0113r\u0101mu prognozes nenoteikt\u012bbu) p\u0101rveido punktu datus nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101s katras augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas rastra kart\u0113s. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101k\u0101m metod\u0113m, piem\u0113ram, apgriezt\u0101s att\u0101luma sv\u0113r\u0161anas, krigings \u0123ener\u0113 ar\u012b prognozes k\u013c\u016bdu karti, kas nor\u0101da anal\u012bti\u0137im, kur nepiecie\u0161ama liel\u0101ka paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>4. K-vid\u0113jo klasteriz\u0101cija<\/strong> (neuzraudz\u012bts ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s algoritms, kas grup\u0113 rastra \u0161\u016bnas k klas\u0113s, samazinot klastera iek\u0161\u0113jo dispersiju vair\u0101kos ievades sl\u0101\u0146os) p\u0113c tam tiek piem\u0113rots kri\u0123\u0113tu augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu kar\u0161u kaudzei. Katra rastra \u0161\u016bna tiek pie\u0161\u0137irta klasterim, kura centro\u012bdam t\u0101 atrodas vistuv\u0101k daudzfaktoru telp\u0101, izveidojot diskr\u0113tu zonu karti ar lietot\u0101ja nor\u0101d\u012btu zonu skaitu \u2014 parasti no div\u0101m l\u012bdz piec\u0101m praktiskas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas nol\u016bkos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>5. \u0122IS programmat\u016bra<\/strong> (\u0122eogr\u0101fisko inform\u0101cijas sist\u0113mu platformas, piem\u0113ram, QGIS, ArcGIS vai SAGA) kalpo k\u0101 integr\u0101cijas vide, kur\u0101 kri\u0123\u0113tas augsnes kartes, satel\u012btu NDVI sl\u0101\u0146i, topogr\u0101fiskie dati un v\u0113sturisk\u0101s ra\u017eas kartes tiek apvienotas, analiz\u0113tas un vizualiz\u0113tas k\u0101 gal\u012bg\u0101s SSMZ kartes, kas ir gatavas lieto\u0161anai lauk\u0101.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>6. Zonas valid\u0101cija<\/strong> tiek veikta, sal\u012bdzinot prognoz\u0113to zonas klasi ar lauka nov\u0113rotajiem kult\u016braugu snieguma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem (SPAD, auga augstums, NDVI), kas sav\u0101kti no reprezentat\u012bviem transektiem, kas \u0161\u0137\u0113rso zonu robe\u017eas. Robe\u017eas, kas neatbilst nov\u0113rojam\u0101m kult\u016braugu p\u0101rej\u0101m, tiek preciz\u0113tas, piel\u0101gojot klasteru skaitu vai atsevi\u0161\u0137iem ievades sl\u0101\u0146iem pie\u0161\u0137irto svaru.<\/p>\n<h2>Katrai p\u0101rvald\u012bbas zonai specifiskas bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bbas strat\u0113\u0123ijas<\/h2>\n<h3>1. Main\u012bgas normas m\u0113slo\u0161ana pa zon\u0101m<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Main\u012bgas normas m\u0113slo\u0161ana (VRF)<\/strong> (da\u017e\u0101du m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu devu piem\u0113ro\u0161anas prakse da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s lauka zon\u0101s, pamatojoties uz telpiski prec\u012bziem augsnes un kult\u016braugu datiem) ir tie\u0161a SSMZ noteik\u0161anas operat\u012bv\u0101 izeja. Katra zona sa\u0146em noteikto devu, kas apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ta no starp\u012bbas starp t\u0101s pa\u0161reiz\u0113jo augsnes bar\u012bbas vielu st\u0101vokli un kult\u016brauga dokument\u0113to uz\u0146em\u0161anas pras\u012bbu uz ra\u017eas vien\u012bbu.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160is agronomiskais princips, ko da\u017ereiz sauc par pietiekam\u012bbas pieeju, \u013cauj izvair\u012bties gan no nepietiekamas bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101des, gan no ekonomiski un videi kait\u012bgas prakses, proti, apdro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas stil\u0101 lietot p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu bar\u012bbas vielu daudzumu.<\/p>\n<p>Sl\u0101pek\u013ca p\u0101rvald\u012bba VRF apst\u0101k\u013cos prasa \u012bpa\u0161u r\u016bp\u012bbu za\u013cajiem s\u012bpoliem, jo kult\u016braugu N piepras\u012bjums strauji sasniedz maksimumu strauj\u0101s lapu pagarin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s f\u0101z\u0113, un sl\u0101pek\u013ca pieejam\u012bba augsn\u0113 ir \u013coti dinamiska. Zonas ar augst\u0101ku organisko vielu saturu sezonas laik\u0101 mineraliz\u0113 vair\u0101k dabisk\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca, samazinot nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu p\u0113c sint\u0113tisk\u0101 N pielietojuma.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 \u201cScientia Horticulturae\u201d (2025) tika zi\u0146ots, ka za\u013co s\u012bpolu audz\u0113\u0161anai zon\u0101s ar augstu organisko vielu saturu vid\u0113ji bija nepiecie\u0161ams <strong>35 kg N\/ha maz\u0101k<\/strong> sint\u0113tisko sl\u0101pekli nek\u0101 identiskos parauglaukumos zon\u0101s ar zemu organisko vielu saturu, lai sasniegtu l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bgus SPAD m\u0113r\u0137us un gal\u012bgo lapu sl\u0101pek\u013ca koncentr\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n<p>Fosfora un k\u0101lija korekcijas pa zon\u0101m pamatojas uz augsnes testos ieg\u016btajiem P un K l\u012bme\u0146iem attiec\u012bb\u0101 pret Allium kult\u016br\u0101m noteiktaj\u0101m pietiekam\u012bbas robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m \u2014 parasti 25 l\u012bdz 40 mg P\/kg augsnes un 150 l\u012bdz 200 mg K\/kg augsnes optim\u0101lai za\u013co s\u012bpolu att\u012bst\u012bbai.<\/p>\n<p>Zon\u0101s, kur\u0101s test\u0113\u0161anas rezult\u0101ti p\u0101rsniedz \u0161os robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bbas, tiek veiktas tikai uzturo\u0161\u0101s devas; zon\u0101s, kas zem\u0101kas par \u0161\u012bm robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, tiek veiktas korekt\u012bv\u0101s devas, kas kalibr\u0113tas atbilsto\u0161i augsnes buferkapacit\u0101tei. Mikroelementu korekcijas, jo \u012bpa\u0161i cinkam s\u0101rmain\u0101s augsn\u0113s virs pH 7,2 un dzelzs ka\u013c\u0137ainos apst\u0101k\u013cos ar augstu bikarbon\u0101tu saturu, tiek pie\u0161\u0137irtas katr\u0101 zon\u0101 atsevi\u0161\u0137i, pamatojoties uz ar DTPA ekstrah\u0113jamu mikroelementu augsnes testiem.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Organiskie augsnes piemais\u012bjumi un biom\u0113slojumi pa zon\u0101m<\/h3>\n<p>Organiskie augsnes uzlabot\u0101ji \u2014 komposts, k\u016btsm\u0113sli vai sadz\u012bves biomasa \u2014 visefekt\u012bv\u0101k ir paredz\u0113ti zon\u0101m ar viszem\u0101ko organisko vielu saturu un v\u0101j\u0101ko augsnes strukt\u016bru. Pamatojums ir t\u0101ds, ka organisko vielu pievieno\u0161anas ieguvumu un izmaksu attiec\u012bba ir visaugst\u0101k\u0101 degrad\u0113t\u0101s, zema oglek\u013ca satura augsn\u0113s, savuk\u0101rt zonas, kas jau t\u0101 ir bag\u0101tas ar organiskaj\u0101m viel\u0101m, no t\u0101 pa\u0161a ieguld\u012bjuma g\u016bst arvien maz\u0101ku atdevi.<\/p>\n<p>Zon\u0101m specifiska komposta m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgas lieto\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123ija, izmantojot 15 l\u012bdz 20 t\/ha zon\u0101s ar viszem\u0101ko organisko vielu saturu un 5 l\u012bdz 8 t\/ha zon\u0101s ar vid\u0113ju organisko vielu daudzumu, parasti atjauno lauka l\u012bme\u0146a organisko vielu vienm\u0113r\u012bgumu divu l\u012bdz tr\u012bs audz\u0113\u0161anas sezonu laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Biom\u0113slojumus \u2014 produktus, kas satur fosf\u0101tus \u0161\u0137\u012bdino\u0161as bakt\u0113rijas (PSB) vai sl\u0101pekli fiks\u0113jo\u0161us organismus, piem\u0113ram, Azospirillum \u2014, var lietot main\u012bg\u0101s dev\u0101s zon\u0101s, kur augsnes biolo\u0123isk\u0101 aktivit\u0101te ir bar\u012bbas vielu pieejam\u012bbas ierobe\u017eojo\u0161ais faktors, nevis kop\u0113jais bar\u012bbas vielu saturs.<\/p>\n<p>Zon\u0101s ar zemu mikrobi\u0101l\u0101s biomasas oglek\u013ca saturu vair\u0101kos izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumos ir pier\u0101d\u012bts, ka biom\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161ana uzlabo fosfora uz\u0146em\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti par 20 l\u012bdz 30% bez papildu sint\u0113tisk\u0101 fosfora ievades.<\/p>\n<h3>3. M\u0113slo\u0161anas un \u016bdens izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te pa zon\u0101m<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Fertig\u0101cija<\/strong> (vienlaic\u012bga ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas \u016bden\u012b iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101tu m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu pieg\u0101de, izmantojot pilienveida vai sprinkleru sist\u0113mas) nodro\u0161ina audz\u0113t\u0101jiem visaugst\u0101ko telpisko precizit\u0101ti bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101d\u0113. Ja ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113ma ir projekt\u0113ta ar zonai specifisku v\u0101rstu vad\u012bbu \u2014 vienk\u0101r\u0161s papildin\u0101jums m\u016bsdienu pilienveida sist\u0113m\u0101m \u2014, m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu koncentr\u0101ciju ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas \u016bden\u012b var regul\u0113t neatkar\u012bgi katrai zonai katras ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas reizes laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Tas nov\u0113r\u0161 p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu laist\u012b\u0161anu, kuras rezult\u0101t\u0101 s\u0101\u013ci koncentr\u0113jas zon\u0101s ar zemu infiltr\u0101ciju, un nepietiekamu laist\u012b\u0161anu, kuras rezult\u0101t\u0101 bar\u012bbas vielas paliek nekust\u012bgas zon\u0101s ar augstu caurlaid\u012bbu.<\/p>\n<p>Al-Harbi et al. (Lauksaimniec\u012bbas \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161ana, 2024) zi\u0146oja, ka za\u013cie s\u012bpoli, kas audz\u0113ti zonai specifisk\u0101 m\u0113slo\u0161anas apsaimnieko\u0161an\u0101, sasniedza <strong>22% \u016bdens izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101tes uzlabojums<\/strong> un a <strong>19% s\u012bpolu ra\u017eas vienm\u0113r\u012bguma palielin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s<\/strong> sal\u012bdzinot ar vienm\u0113r\u012bga \u0101truma pilienveida m\u0113slo\u0161anu lauk\u0101 ar div\u0101m at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bg\u0101m SSMZ klas\u0113m.<\/p>\n<p>Zon\u0101m specifiska m\u0113slo\u0161ana rada saliktas priek\u0161roc\u012bbas \u2014 t\u0101 vienlaikus ietaupa \u016bdeni, samazina m\u0113slojuma izmaksas un uzlabo produkcijas \u0161\u0137iro\u0161anu, visu veicot no tiem pa\u0161iem ieguld\u012bjumiem infrastrukt\u016br\u0101.<\/p>\n<h2>Ietekme uz za\u013co s\u012bpolu bar\u012bbas vielu st\u0101vokli da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s zon\u0101s<\/h2>\n<p>Tie\u0161\u0101kais izm\u0113r\u0101mais ieguvums no SSMZ balst\u012btas apsaimnieko\u0161anas ir pa\u0161as kult\u016bras uztura st\u0101vok\u013ca uzlabo\u0161an\u0101s. Lapu bar\u012bbas vielu koncentr\u0101cija \u2014 ko m\u0113ra ar audu anal\u012bzi kritiskaj\u0101 aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101 un izsaka k\u0101 sausnas svara procentu\u0101lo da\u013cu N, P un K gad\u012bjum\u0101 un miljon\u0101s da\u013cas mikroelementiem \u2014 k\u013c\u016bst vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101ka vis\u0101 lauk\u0101, ja zonas sa\u0146em piel\u0101gotus ievades resursus, nevis visp\u0101r\u0113ju devu.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Prec\u012bza bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba nepievieno vair\u0101k m\u0113slojuma lab\u0101kaj\u0101m zon\u0101m \u2014 t\u0101 no\u0146em atkritumus no visslikt\u0101k apsaimniekotaj\u0101m, un \u0161\u012b at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba ir vieta, kur tiek g\u016bta gan pe\u013c\u0146a, gan vides aizsardz\u012bba.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Bar\u012bbas vielu uz\u0146em\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te (NUpE, defin\u0113ta k\u0101 kop\u0113jais kult\u016braugu absorb\u0113tais bar\u012bbas vielu daudzums, dal\u012bts ar kop\u0113jo izmantoto bar\u012bbas vielu daudzumu) palielin\u0101s, izmantojot zonu p\u0101rvald\u012bbu vienk\u0101r\u0161a meh\u0101niska iemesla d\u0113\u013c: zon\u0101s, kur\u0101s jau ir pietiekams bar\u012bbas vielu daudzums, tiek izmantots maz\u0101k bar\u012bbas vielu, samazinot efektivit\u0101tes koeficienta sauc\u0113ju, vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot vai uzlabojot uz\u0146em\u0161anu.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0113t\u012bjumos, kas p\u0101rskat\u012bti \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 \u201cFrontiers in Plant Science\u201d (2024), tika atkl\u0101ts, ka sl\u0101pek\u013ca NUpE Allium sug\u0101s palielin\u0101j\u0101s no vid\u0113ji 42% vienm\u0113r\u012bgas apsaimnieko\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013cos l\u012bdz 61\u201367%, izmantojot uz SSMZ balst\u012btu main\u012bgas devas apsaimnieko\u0161anu, un \u0161is pieaugums tie\u0161i samazina nitr\u0101tu daudzumu, kas var non\u0101kt grunts\u016bde\u0146os.<\/p>\n<h2>Ietekme uz za\u013co s\u012bpolu aug\u0161anas parametriem<\/h2>\n<p>Zon\u0101m specifiska bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba rada izm\u0113r\u0101mus augu augstuma, lapu laukuma indeksa un biomasas uzkr\u0101\u0161an\u0101s uzlabojumus. Meh\u0101nisms ir vienk\u0101r\u0161s: kad katra zona sa\u0146em sl\u0101pek\u013ca devu, kas atbilst t\u0101s piepras\u012bjuma un pied\u0101v\u0101juma starp\u012bbai, sl\u0101peklis netiek neat\u0161\u0137aid\u012bts ar p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu pielietojumu, ne ierobe\u017eots zon\u0101s ar defic\u012btu, un kult\u016braugs pie\u0161\u0137ir oglekli virszemes aug\u0161anai, nevis kompens\u0113jo\u0161ai sak\u0146u izp\u0113tei, lai mekl\u0113tu ierobe\u017eotas bar\u012bbas vielas.<\/p>\n<p>Lauka izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumos, kas veikti \u0112\u0123iptes N\u012blas deltas re\u0123ion\u0101 (public\u0113ti \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 &quot;D\u0101rzkop\u012bbas zin\u0101tne un biotehnolo\u0123ija&quot;, 2023), za\u013co s\u012bpolu st\u0101d\u012bjumos, kas tika apsaimniekoti saska\u0146\u0101 ar tr\u012bs zonu SSMZ re\u017e\u012bmu, tika nov\u0113rota statistiski noz\u012bm\u012bga aug\u0161anas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju uzlabo\u0161an\u0101s.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Augu augstums augsta potenci\u0101la zon\u0101 palielin\u0101j\u0101s par <strong>14.3%<\/strong> virs lauka vid\u0113j\u0101 augstuma, kas re\u0123istr\u0113ts vienm\u0113r\u012bgas apsaimnieko\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013cos, kas saist\u012bts ar optimiz\u0113tu sl\u0101pek\u013ca pieg\u0101di strauj\u0101s ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s aug\u0161anas f\u0101z\u0113.<\/li>\n<li>Lapu laukuma indekss 45 dienas p\u0113c p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas bija <strong>18% augst\u0101ks<\/strong> vid\u0113ja potenci\u0101la zon\u0101, piem\u0113rojot zonai specifisku apsaimnieko\u0161anu, sal\u012bdzinot ar to pa\u0161u zonu, piem\u0113rojot vienm\u0113r\u012bgu apsaimnieko\u0161anu, jo kori\u0123\u0113ta fosfora lieto\u0161ana uzlaboja sak\u0146u att\u012bst\u012bbu un \u016bdens uz\u0146em\u0161anas sp\u0113ju.<\/li>\n<li>Kop\u0113j\u0101 virszemes svaig\u0101 biomasa ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laik\u0101 bija <strong>12,7% liel\u0101ks<\/strong> SSMZ apsaimniekotaj\u0101 lauk\u0101, sal\u012bdzinot ar tradicion\u0101li apsaimniekoto kontroli, ko galvenok\u0101rt noteica uzlabojumi iepriek\u0161 nepietiekami m\u0113slot\u0101 zema potenci\u0101la zon\u0101.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sak\u0146u att\u012bst\u012bbas uzlabojumus ir gr\u016bt\u0101k izm\u0113r\u012bt destrukt\u012bvi pla\u0161\u0101 m\u0113rog\u0101, ta\u010du rizotrona p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka zonai atbilsto\u0161a k\u0101lija baro\u0161ana palielina sak\u0146u mati\u0146u bl\u012bvumu un pagarin\u0101jumu, uzlabojot fizisko kontakta virsmu starp sakn\u0113m un augsnes da\u013ci\u0146\u0101m, kur masas pl\u016bsmas bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101de ir vissvar\u012bg\u0101k\u0101.<\/p>\n<h2>Ietekme uz za\u013co s\u012bpolu ra\u017eu un kvalit\u0101ti<\/h2>\n<p>SSMZ apsaimnieko\u0161anas rezult\u0101t\u0101 ieg\u016bt\u0101 ra\u017eas uzlabo\u0161an\u0101s s\u012bpollokiem rodas divu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu ce\u013cu rezult\u0101t\u0101. Pirmk\u0101rt, zonas, kas iepriek\u0161 bija p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgi m\u0113slotas \u2014 parasti augl\u012bg\u0101s, dabiski augl\u012bg\u0101s viet\u0101s ar augstu organisko vielu saturu \u2014, tiek pasarg\u0101tas no s\u0101\u013cuma stresa un bar\u012bbas vielu toksicit\u0101tes, kas var samazin\u0101t ra\u017eu pat dabiski produkt\u012bv\u0101s augsn\u0113s.<\/p>\n<p>Otrk\u0101rt, zonas, kur\u0101s iepriek\u0161 bija nepietiekams m\u0113slojums, sa\u0146em korekt\u012bv\u0101s devas, kas uzlabo to sniegumu, tuvinot to \u0123en\u0113tiskajam ra\u017eas potenci\u0101lam, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di paaugstinot lauka vid\u0113jo r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju, nepieprasot papildu kop\u0113jos m\u0113slojuma izdevumus. Galvenie kvalit\u0101tes parametri, kas uzlabojas, apsaimniekojot tos atbilsto\u0161i zon\u0101m, sniedz komerci\u0101li svar\u012bgu inform\u0101ciju:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>1. Spuldzes diametrs<\/strong> un viendab\u012bgums uzlabojas, jo zonai specifiska k\u0101lija padeve nodro\u0161ina vienm\u0113r\u012bgu og\u013chidr\u0101tu sadal\u012bjumu s\u012bpolam vis\u0101 lauk\u0101, nevis tikai taj\u0101s viet\u0101s, kur ir pietiekama dabisk\u0101 k\u0101lija pieejam\u012bba.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>2. Hlorofila saturs ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laik\u0101<\/strong> \u2014 m\u0113r\u012bts ar SPAD vai destrukt\u012bvu ekstrakciju un izteikts mg hlorofila uz gramu svaiga svara \u2014 ir augst\u0101ks un vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101ks SSMZ apsaimniekotaj\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101s, radot tum\u0161i za\u013cu lapu kr\u0101su, kas nodro\u0161ina augst\u0101kas cenas svaigu produktu tirgos un eksporta \u0137\u0113d\u0113s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>3. Kop\u0113jais \u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161o cietvielu daudzums (K\u0160A)<\/strong>, kas ir tie\u0161s cukura uzkr\u0101\u0161an\u0101s un gar\u0161as intensit\u0101tes r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js, palielin\u0101s par <strong>8 l\u012bdz 12%<\/strong> saska\u0146\u0101 ar datiem, kas public\u0113ti \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>4. Asuma pak\u0101pe<\/strong> \u2014 kvantific\u0113ts k\u0101 pir\u016bvsk\u0101bes koncentr\u0101cija (mmol\/100 g svaiga svara), kas ir pie\u0146emtais s\u012bpolu asuma intensit\u0101tes bio\u0137\u012bmiskais mar\u0137ieris, \u2014 tie\u0161i rea\u0123\u0113 uz atbilsto\u0161u s\u0113ra uzturu. Ir pier\u0101d\u012bts, ka zonai specifiska s\u0113ra lieto\u0161ana s\u0113ra defic\u012bta zon\u0101s palielina pir\u016bvsk\u0101bes saturu par <strong>15 l\u012bdz 22%<\/strong>, uzlabojot gan gar\u0161as profilu, gan ilgsto\u0161i uzglab\u0101jamos s\u0113ra savienojumus, kas pagarina uzglab\u0101\u0161anas laiku p\u0113c ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas.<\/p>\n<h2>Zon\u0101m balst\u012btas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas ekovides ietekme<\/h2>\n<p>SSMZ ievie\u0161anas ekonomiskais pamatojums loci\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 ir balst\u012bts uz prec\u012bzas ievades p\u0101rvald\u012bbas izmaksu un ieguvumu strukt\u016bru. S\u0101kotn\u0113jie ieguld\u012bjumi ietver augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu (parasti 12\u201325 USD par hekt\u0101ru re\u017e\u0123a paraugu \u0146em\u0161anai), laboratorijas anal\u012bzes, \u0122IS kart\u0113\u0161anas programmat\u016bru (ar atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda QGIS, kas pieejama bez maksas) un main\u012bgas devas lieto\u0161anas apr\u012bkojumu.<\/p>\n<p>10 hekt\u0101ru lielam komerci\u0101lam za\u013co s\u012bpolu audz\u0113\u0161anas uz\u0146\u0113mumam kop\u0113j\u0101s ier\u012bko\u0161anas izmaksas sv\u0101rst\u0101s no 800 l\u012bdz 2500 USD atkar\u012bb\u0101 no paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas bl\u012bvuma un apr\u012bkojuma izv\u0113les. No \u0161\u012bm invest\u012bcij\u0101m audz\u0113t\u0101ji var sagaid\u012bt iev\u0113rojamu finansi\u0101lu atdevi. M\u0113slojuma ietaup\u012bjums, nov\u0113r\u0161ot p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu augstas augl\u012bbas zon\u0101s, parasti ir no <strong>15 l\u012bdz 251 TP3T no kop\u0113jiem m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu izdevumiem<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Augst\u0101k\u0101s kvalit\u0101tes ra\u017eas uzlabojumi \u2014 ra\u017eas \u012bpatsvars, kas atbilst eksporta vai lielveikalu kvalit\u0101tes specifik\u0101cij\u0101m \u2014 palielin\u0101s par 10 l\u012bdz 20%, kas augst\u0101k\u0101s kvalit\u0101tes d\u0101rze\u0146u tirgos noz\u012bm\u0113 cenu piemaksu 20 l\u012bdz 35% par kilogramu. Kop\u0101 \u0161ie ieguvumi komerci\u0101la m\u0113roga ra\u017eot\u0101jiem vienas audz\u0113\u0161anas sezonas laik\u0101 nodro\u0161ina SSMZ ieguld\u012bjumu atdevi 2,5 l\u012bdz 4,5 reizes liel\u0101ku par ier\u012bko\u0161anas izmaks\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Ietekme uz vidi ir tikpat b\u016btiska. <strong>Nitr\u0101tu izskalo\u0161an\u0101s grunts\u016bde\u0146os<\/strong>, Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Eiropas Agronomijas \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 (2024) public\u0113to metaanal\u012bzi, intens\u012bvas d\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161anas galven\u0101 vides \u0101r\u0113j\u0101 ietekme, zonai specifiskas sl\u0101pek\u013ca p\u0101rvald\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101, sal\u012bdzinot ar vienm\u0113r\u012bgu m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu, samazin\u0101s par 40 l\u012bdz 60%.<\/p>\n<p>Fosfora notece, kas veicina virszemes \u016bdenstilpju eitrofik\u0101ciju, proporcion\u0101li samazin\u0101s, jo tiek nov\u0113rsta p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga fosfora lieto\u0161ana augstas augl\u012bbas zon\u0101s. Kop\u0113j\u0101 sint\u0113tisk\u0101 m\u0113slojuma izmanto\u0161anas samazin\u0101\u0161ana ar\u012b samazina ra\u017eo\u0161anas sist\u0113mas oglek\u013ca p\u0113das nospiedumu, jo sint\u0113tisk\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca ra\u017eo\u0161ana rada aptuveni 1,5 kg CO2 ekvivalenta uz kg sara\u017eot\u0101s ur\u012bnvielas.<\/p>\n<h2>Izaicin\u0101jumi un ierobe\u017eojumi, ar kuriem audz\u0113t\u0101jiem j\u0101r\u0113\u0137in\u0101s<\/h2>\n<p>SSMZ noteik\u0161ana nav bez praktiskiem \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013ciem, un \u0161o ierobe\u017eojumu god\u012bga atz\u012b\u0161ana ir b\u016btiska re\u0101listiskai ievie\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161anai.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>i. Datu v\u0101k\u0161anas izmaksas<\/strong> ir galvenais \u0161\u0137\u0113rslis mazajiem lauksaimniekiem. Lai veiktu re\u017e\u0123a augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu ar pietiekamu bl\u012bvumu uzticamai kriginga interpol\u0101cijai, laukos ar lielu main\u012bgumu ir nepiecie\u0161ami 15 l\u012bdz 30 paraugi uz hekt\u0101ru, un laboratorijas anal\u012bze piln\u012bgai bar\u012bbas vielu profilam var izmaks\u0101t no 30 l\u012bdz 80 USD par paraugu. 1 hekt\u0101ra lielam mazo lauksaimnieku zemes gabalam \u0161\u012b vien\u012bg\u0101 izmaksu poz\u012bcija var p\u0101rsniegt visu ievades bud\u017eetu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>ii. Tehnisk\u0101 ekspert\u012bze<\/strong> \u0122eostatik\u0101, \u0122IS programmat\u016bras darb\u012bb\u0101 un main\u012bga \u0101truma iek\u0101rtu kalibr\u0113\u0161an\u0101 vairum\u0101 d\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161anas re\u0123ionu nav pla\u0161i pieejama inform\u0101cija. Papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas pakalpojumi reti aptver telpisko datu anal\u012bzi, un priv\u0101ti agronomijas konsultanti ar SSMZ kompetenci iekas\u0113 augst\u0101kas maksas, kas ir pieejamas tikai liel\u0101k\u0101m saimniec\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>iii. Piem\u0113rojam\u012bba mazajiem saimniekiem<\/strong> ir struktur\u0101li ierobe\u017eots ar zemes gabala lielumu. Kriginga interpol\u0101cijai ir nepiecie\u0161ami vismaz 10 l\u012bdz 15 parauga punkti uz katru main\u012bgo, lai \u0123ener\u0113tu uzticamas kartes, nosakot praktisku apak\u0161\u0113jo robe\u017eu aptuveni 2 l\u012bdz 3 hekt\u0101ru apm\u0113r\u0101 rentablam SSMZ darbam ar parasto augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu. Zem \u0161\u012b sliek\u0161\u0146a pragmatisk\u0101ka alternat\u012bva ir vad\u012bta salikta paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana pa redzam\u0101 lauka zon\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><strong>iv. Augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu main\u012bba laik\u0101<\/strong> \u2014 jo \u012bpa\u0161i nitr\u0101tu sl\u0101peklis, kas viena m\u0113ne\u0161a laik\u0101 var main\u012bties par 50% vai vair\u0101k atkar\u012bb\u0101 no nokri\u0161\u0146iem un temperat\u016bras, \u2014 noz\u012bm\u0113, ka zonu kartes, kas ieg\u016btas no pirmssezonas paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas, var neprec\u012bzi atspogu\u013cot apst\u0101k\u013cus sezonas laik\u0101, kad tiek pie\u0146emti l\u0113mumi par m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu. Lai atjaunin\u0101tu bar\u012bbas vielu receptes sezonas laik\u0101, ir nepiecie\u0161amas kult\u016braugu sensoru tehnolo\u0123ijas (NDVI dronu lidojumi, re\u0101llaika SPAD r\u0101d\u012bjumi).<\/p>\n<h2>N\u0101kotnes perspekt\u012bvas: Kurp virz\u0101s SSMZ zin\u0101tne<\/h2>\n<p>N\u0101kam\u0101s paaudzes SSMZ zin\u0101tne d\u0101rze\u0146u kult\u016br\u0101m sapl\u016bst ar trim tehnolo\u0123isk\u0101m robe\u017e\u0101m, kas iev\u0113rojami samazin\u0101s zonas noteik\u0161anas izmaksas un palielin\u0101s t\u0101s precizit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n<p>Dronu balst\u012bta multispektr\u0101l\u0101 un hiperspektr\u0101l\u0101 att\u0113lveido\u0161ana aizst\u0101j laikietilp\u012bgo manu\u0101lo augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu k\u0101 prim\u0101ro datu avotu \u0101trai SSMZ robe\u017eu noteik\u0161anai. Viens drona lidojums 30 l\u012bdz 50 metru augstum\u0101 var ieg\u016bt vainaga atstaro\u0161anas datus ar 5 l\u012bdz 10 cm telpisko iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju vis\u0101 saimniec\u012bb\u0101 maz\u0101k nek\u0101 stundas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Kalibr\u0113jot ar m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgiem augsnes paraugiem reprezentat\u012bvos punktos, dronu att\u0113li var \u0123ener\u0113t NDVI, sarkan\u0101s malas hlorofila indeksa un vainaga temperat\u016bras kartes, kas identific\u0113 zonu robe\u017eas ar precizit\u0101ti, kas sal\u012bdzin\u0101ma ar bl\u012bva re\u017e\u0123a paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, par daudz zem\u0101k\u0101m izmaks\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s algoritmi \u2014 jo \u012bpa\u0161i nejau\u0161i me\u017ea klasifikatori un neironu t\u012bkli, kas apm\u0101c\u012bti ar vair\u0101ku gadu augsnes \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu, ra\u017eas v\u0113stures un satel\u012btatt\u0113lu datu kop\u0101m \u2014 p\u0101rveido zonu noteik\u0161anu no vienas sezonas momentuz\u0146\u0113muma par dinamisku, paredzamu sist\u0113mu.<\/p>\n<p>Mode\u013ci, kas apm\u0101c\u012bti, izmantojot piecu vai vair\u0101ku gadu lauka datus, var paredz\u0113t zonu robe\u017eas gaid\u0101majai sezonai, pirms tiek veikta jebk\u0101da jauna augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana, \u013caujot sagatavot recep\u0161u kartes ned\u0113\u013cas pirms s\u0113\u0161anas un samazinot sezonas s\u0101kuma laika spiedienu uz audz\u0113t\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n<p>Klimata zi\u0146\u0101 vieda bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba ir SSMZ darba konceptu\u0101l\u0101 robe\u017ea. T\u0101 k\u0101 sezon\u0101l\u0101s temperat\u016bras un nokri\u0161\u0146u tendences k\u013c\u016bst maz\u0101k paredzamas, par vienu no lauksaimniec\u012bbas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas sist\u0113mu pamatfunkcij\u0101m k\u013c\u016bs sp\u0113ja piel\u0101got zonai specifiskas m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu devas, rea\u0123\u0113jot uz re\u0101llaika laika prognoz\u0113m \u2014 samazinot sl\u0101pek\u013ca (N) lieto\u0161anu zon\u0101s, kur\u0101s past\u0101v slapj\u0161 \u016bdens daudzums pirms sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101m lietav\u0101m, vai palielinot k\u0101lija daudzumu karstuma stresa zon\u0101s sausuma perioda laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Integr\u0101cija ar m\u0101kon\u012b balst\u012bt\u0101m l\u0113mumu atbalsta platform\u0101m, kas apvieno laika apst\u0101k\u013cu datus, kult\u016braugu mode\u013cus, augsnes sensoru r\u0101d\u012bjumus un tirgus cenu sign\u0101lus, jau notiek agr\u012bn\u0101s ievie\u0161anas lauksaimniec\u012bbas uz\u0146\u0113mumos N\u012bderland\u0113, Izra\u0113l\u0101 un Austr\u0101lij\u0101.<\/p>\n<h2>Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n<p>Za\u013co s\u012bpolu (Allium cepa L.) audz\u0113\u0161anas vietu specifisku apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonu noteik\u0161ana vairs nav p\u0113tniecisks retums \u2014 t\u0101 ir komerci\u0101li apstiprin\u0101ta strat\u0113\u0123ija bar\u012bbas vielu st\u0101vok\u013ca, aug\u0161anas vienm\u0113r\u012bguma un produkcijas kvalit\u0101tes uzlabo\u0161anai, vienlaikus samazinot izejvielu izmaksas un ietekmi uz vidi. P\u0101rskat\u012bt\u0101 pier\u0101d\u012bjumu b\u0101ze liecina, ka SSMZ, ja t\u0101s ir pareizi nodal\u012btas, izmantojot kombin\u0113tu augsnes \u0137\u012bmisko sast\u0101vu, \u0123eostatistisko anal\u012bzi, uz kult\u016braugiem balst\u012btus sensorus un \u0122IS integr\u0101ciju, konsekventi p\u0101rsp\u0113j vienm\u0113r\u012bgu apsaimnieko\u0161anu visos r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jos, kas ir vissvar\u012bg\u0101kie komerci\u0101lajiem ra\u017eot\u0101jiem: sl\u0101pek\u013ca izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te, tirgojam\u0101 ra\u017ea, s\u012bpolu \u0161\u0137iras vienm\u0113r\u012bgums un uzglab\u0101\u0161anas laiks p\u0113c ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas. Agronomiem un kult\u016braugu konsultantiem, kas konsult\u0113 za\u013co s\u012bpolu audz\u0113\u0161anas uz\u0146\u0113mumus, praktiskie ieteikumi ir skaidri. S\u0101ciet ar augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, izmantojot re\u017e\u0123a metodi, vismaz 1 paraugu uz hekt\u0101ru, priorit\u0101ti pie\u0161\u0137irot pH, organiskaj\u0101m viel\u0101m, EK un pieejamajam NPK k\u0101 galvenajiem zonu defin\u0113jo\u0161ajiem main\u012bgajiem.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glob\u0101l\u0101 za\u013co s\u012bpolu ra\u017eo\u0161ana 2024. gad\u0101 p\u0101rsniedza 105 miljonus metrisko tonnu, tom\u0113r lauka l\u012bme\u0146a bar\u012bbas vielu izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 komerci\u0101lo saimniec\u012bbu joproj\u0101m ir zem 40%, liecina\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210249433,"featured_media":13170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1376],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-management-zones"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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