Specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016bras, tostarp aug\u013ci, d\u0101rze\u0146i, rieksti, gar\u0161augi un dekorat\u012bvie augi, ir augstv\u0113rt\u012bgi produkti, kuru kvalit\u0101te un ra\u017ea ir \u013coti atkar\u012bga no prec\u012bzas \u016bdens un bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101des. Specializ\u0113to kult\u016braugu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi optimiz\u0113t specializ\u0113to kult\u016bru m\u0113slojumu un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu, izmantojot prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123ijas, lai saglab\u0101tu ra\u017eu, gar\u0161u un kvalit\u0101ti. Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba (PR) izmanto lauka datus un vied\u0101s iek\u0101rtas (GPS vad\u0101mas tehnikas, sensorus, att\u0113lveido\u0161anu un l\u0113mumu atbalsta programmat\u016bru), lai tie\u0161i tur un tad, kad nepiecie\u0161ams, izmantotu izejvielas. \u0160\u012b uz datiem balst\u012bt\u0101 pieeja var iev\u0113rojami uzlabot m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu un \u016bdens izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar tradicion\u0101laj\u0101m visp\u0101r\u012bgaj\u0101m m\u0113slo\u0161anas metod\u0113m.<\/p>\n
Strauji pieaugo\u0161\u0101s izejvielu izmaksas un pieaugo\u0161ais spiediens uz vidi padara efektivit\u0101ti \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi svar\u012bgu. Piem\u0113ram, glob\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te ir zema (kult\u016braugi pat\u0113r\u0113 maz\u0101k nek\u0101 501 TP3 t izmantot\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca), kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka liela da\u013ca m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu, ko izmanto specializ\u0113taj\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m, var tikt zaud\u0113ti izskalo\u0161an\u0101s vai noteces d\u0113\u013c. T\u0101pat lauksaimniec\u012bba jau pat\u0113r\u0113 aptuveni 701 TP3 t pasaules sald\u016bdens, un daudzos re\u0123ionos tiek pastiprin\u0101ti ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas ierobe\u017eojumi. Prec\u012bzijas instrumenti (augsnes zondes, multispektr\u0101l\u0101 att\u0113lveido\u0161ana, main\u012bgas devas sist\u0113mas, viedie pilin\u0101\u0161anas regulatori utt.) pal\u012bdz piel\u0101got m\u0113slojumu un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu augu vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, samazinot atkritumus un vides zaud\u0113jumus, vienlaikus bie\u017ei vien palielinot ra\u017eu.<\/p>\n
Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tirgus strauji aug \u2013 ASV prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tirgus 2024. gad\u0101 bija aptuveni 1TP4\u20132,82 miljardi, un tiek prognoz\u0113ts, ka tas pieaugs par gandr\u012bz 9,7% gad\u0101 gad\u0101, savuk\u0101rt glob\u0101lais tirgus (ieskaitot aparat\u016bru, programmat\u016bru un pakalpojumus) 2024. gad\u0101 bija aptuveni 1TP4\u201311,67 miljardi un l\u012bdz 2030. gadam var\u0113tu pieaugt par 13,1% gad\u0101 gad\u0101. \u0160ie skait\u013ci atspogu\u013co sp\u0113c\u012bgas nozares gaidas, ka vied\u0101ka lauksaimniec\u012bba var samazin\u0101t izmaksas un uzlabot ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbu.<\/p>\n
Specializ\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m ir \u012bpa\u0161i pras\u012bgas bar\u012bbas vielu un \u016bdens p\u0101rvald\u012bbas pras\u012bbas. Pirmk\u0101rt, bar\u012bbas vielu pras\u012bbas iev\u0113rojami at\u0161\u0137iras atkar\u012bb\u0101 no kult\u016braugu veida, aug\u0161anas stadijas un \u0161\u0137irnes. Piem\u0113ram, lapu kokiem s\u0101kum\u0101 var b\u016bt nepiecie\u0161ams \u013coti daudz sl\u0101pek\u013ca, savuk\u0101rt aug\u013cu kokiem zied\u0113\u0161anas un aug\u013cu aizme\u0161an\u0101s laik\u0101 ir nepiecie\u0161ams sabalans\u0113ts N, P, K un bie\u017ei vien papildu mikroelementi (piem\u0113ram, kalcijs \u0101bolos, lai nov\u0113rstu r\u016bgtumu). Jut\u012bba pret nel\u012bdzsvarot\u012bbu ir ak\u016bta: pat neliela nepietiekama vai p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga m\u0113slo\u0161ana var samazin\u0101t aug\u013cu izm\u0113ru un uzglab\u0101\u0161anas laiku. P\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgs N daudzums, piem\u0113ram, var izrais\u012bt p\u0101r\u0101k liela nitr\u0101tu daudzuma uzkr\u0101\u0161anos lapu d\u0101rze\u0146os (cilv\u0113ku vesel\u012bbas un regul\u0113juma probl\u0113ma) un da\u017eu augu aug\u013cu nogatavo\u0161anos var aizkav\u0113t.<\/p>\n
Turpret\u012b tr\u016bkuma simptomi (hloroze, ziedu kri\u0161ana, mazi aug\u013ci) par\u0101d\u0101s \u0101tri. L\u012bdz\u012bgi \u016bdens stresam ir nesam\u0113r\u012bgi liela ietekme uz specializ\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m. Sausuma stress galvenajos posmos (piem\u0113ram, tom\u0101tu zied\u0113\u0161ana vai v\u012bnogu aug\u013cu att\u012bst\u012bba) var samazin\u0101t ra\u017eu un kvalit\u0101ti (piem\u0113ram, ierobe\u017eojot cukura uzkr\u0101\u0161anos un ogu lielumu). V\u0113l viens faktors ir main\u012bba lauka ietvaros, kas bie\u017ei vien ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u0113ja daudzgad\u012bg\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s, piem\u0113ram, aug\u013cu d\u0101rzos vai v\u012bna d\u0101rzos. Augsnes tekst\u016bra, organisk\u0101s vielas un mitrums var iev\u0113rojami at\u0161\u0137irties pat da\u017eu metru att\u0101lum\u0101. Citrusaug\u013cu aug\u013cu d\u0101rza augsnes apsekojum\u0101 tika kart\u0113tas vair\u0101kas apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonas (m\u0101lsmilts, smil\u0161m\u0101ls, m\u0101lsmilts utt.).<\/p>\n
\u0160\u012b main\u012bba noz\u012bm\u0113, ka vien\u0101da m\u0113slo\u0161anas deva da\u017eas augstra\u017e\u012bgas plat\u012bbas m\u0113slotu nepietiekami, bet citas \u2013 p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgi. Faktiski klasisk\u0101 lauka p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 Klus\u0101 oke\u0101na zieme\u013crietumos tika atkl\u0101ts, ka kvie\u0161u ra\u017ea vien\u0101 lauk\u0101 sv\u0101rst\u0101s no 30 l\u012bdz 100 bu\/akram; vienas N devas piem\u0113ro\u0161ana lauka vid\u0113jai v\u0113rt\u012bbai rad\u012btu zaud\u0113jumus lab\u0101kaj\u0101s viet\u0101s un m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u0113\u0161anu slikt\u0101s viet\u0101s. Tas pats princips attiecas uz aug\u013cu d\u0101rziem un d\u0101rze\u0146u laukiem: ir nepiecie\u0161amas konkr\u0113tai vietai paredz\u0113tas bar\u012bbas vielu kartes, lai saska\u0146otu ievades materi\u0101lus ar viet\u0113jo potenci\u0101lu.<\/p>\n
V\u0113l viena probl\u0113ma ir vides resursu zudumi. Specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016braugu sist\u0113m\u0101s bie\u017ei tiek izmantotas lielas m\u0113slojuma devas un bie\u017ea ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana, kas palielina bar\u012bbas vielu izskalo\u0161an\u0101s un noteces risku. Piem\u0113ram, slikti apsaimniekots \u016bdens un sl\u0101peklis d\u0101rze\u0146u laukos var izrais\u012bt nitr\u0101tu izskalo\u0161anos grunts\u016bde\u0146os. Integr\u0113tas apsaimnieko\u0161anas pieejas ir par\u0101d\u012bju\u0161as, ka optimiz\u0113ta prakse var samazin\u0101t \u0161os zudumus par 20\u2013251 TP3T vai vair\u0101k.<\/p>\n
Zieme\u013camerik\u0101 \u0161tatos un re\u0123ionos ir noteikti stingri ierobe\u017eojumi sl\u0101pek\u013ca un pestic\u012bdu notecei; specializ\u0113tajiem audz\u0113t\u0101jiem ir j\u0101ievie\u0161 prec\u012bzas metodes, lai iev\u0113rotu \u0161os ierobe\u017eojumus. \u016adens apsaimnieko\u0161ana ir regul\u0113ta l\u012bdz\u012bgi: neefekt\u012bvas sprinkleru vai pl\u016bdu sist\u0113mas var iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u0113t 10\u2013301 TP3 tonnu \u016bdens iztvaiko\u0161anas ce\u013c\u0101, savuk\u0101rt prec\u012bza pilin\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113ma var samazin\u0101t zudumus l\u012bdz gandr\u012bz 0,1 TP3 tonn\u0101m. Specializ\u0113tie audz\u0113t\u0101ji saskaras ar\u012b ar pieaugo\u0161\u0101m izmaks\u0101m (m\u0113slojums, \u016bdens, darbasp\u0113ks), padarot jebk\u0101du neefektivit\u0101ti d\u0101rgu. Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba pied\u0101v\u0101 veidu, k\u0101 risin\u0101t visas \u0161\u012bs probl\u0113mas, izmantojot tehnolo\u0123iju, lai re\u0101llaik\u0101 noteiktu lauka apst\u0101k\u013cus un attiec\u012bgi piel\u0101gotu ieguld\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n
Prec\u012bza bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba balst\u0101s gan uz augsnes, gan augu datiem balst\u012btu sensoru izmanto\u0161anu, k\u0101 ar\u012b uzticamiem kart\u0113\u0161anas un recep\u0161u r\u012bkiem. \u0160\u012bs pamattehnolo\u0123ijas sniedz datus, kas nepiecie\u0161ami, lai m\u0113slojumu lietotu main\u012bg\u0101s dev\u0101s (VRT), nevis vien\u0101du devu.<\/p>\n
Re\u017e\u0123veida un zon\u0101l\u0101 augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana:<\/strong> Tradicion\u0101l\u0101 bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba s\u0101kas ar augsnes test\u0113\u0161anu. Prec\u012bz\u0101s metodes izmanto sistem\u0101tisku re\u017e\u0123a vai zonu paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, lai kart\u0113tu augsnes augl\u012bbu. Piem\u0113ram, audz\u0113t\u0101ji var v\u0101kt paraugus 2\u20134 akru re\u017e\u0123\u012b vai norobe\u017eot apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonas (MZ), pamatojoties uz augsnes tipu vai topogr\u0101fiju. \u0160o paraugu anal\u012bze dod augsnes N, P, K, pH u.c. kartes vis\u0101 lauk\u0101. \u0160\u012bs augl\u012bbas kartes vada main\u012bgas devas m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu lieto\u0161anu: augstas augl\u012bbas apgabalos tiek pievienots maz\u0101k m\u0113slojuma un otr\u0101di. \u0160\u012b pieeja nov\u0113r\u0161 zudumus, kas rodas, lietojot m\u0113slojumu neviendab\u012bg\u0101s augsn\u0113s. Piem\u0113ram, citrusaug\u013cu p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 p\u0113tnieki sadal\u012bja kokus zon\u0101s, kas balst\u012btas uz lapotni, un piem\u0113roja piel\u0101gotas NPK devas, konstat\u0113jot liel\u0101ku ra\u017eu un resn\u0101kus stubl\u0101jus, lietojot main\u012bgas devas nek\u0101 vienm\u0113r\u012bgi.<\/p>\n Re\u0101llaika augsnes bar\u012bbas vielu sensori:<\/strong> Jaun\u0101s sensoru tehnolo\u0123ijas \u013cauj audz\u0113t\u0101jiem acumirkl\u012b uzraudz\u012bt augsnes bar\u012bbas vielas. Viens no jaunajiem r\u012bkiem ir in situ jonu selekt\u012bvs sensoru mas\u012bvs nitr\u0101tu noteik\u0161anai. Nesen\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 p\u0113tnieki izveidoja 3D druk\u0101tu sensoru mas\u012bvu ar nitr\u0101tu selekt\u012bv\u0101m membr\u0101n\u0101m uz elektrodiem, lai m\u0113r\u012btu augsnes nitr\u0101tus vair\u0101kos dzi\u013cumos. Katra zonde izmanto polim\u0113ra membr\u0101nas elektrodu, kas \u0123ener\u0113 spriegumu, kas ir proporcion\u0101ls nitr\u0101tu koncentr\u0101cijai (\u201381,76 mV desmitgades izmai\u0146\u0101s). \u0160\u0101di sensori var nep\u0101rtraukti straum\u0113t nitr\u0101tu l\u012bmeni, nodro\u0161inot autom\u0101tisku N m\u0113slojuma pl\u0101no\u0161anu tikai tad, kad un kur augsnes nitr\u0101tu l\u012bmenis nokr\u012btas zem m\u0113r\u0137a. T\u0101 k\u0101 kult\u016braugi parasti pat\u0113r\u0113 maz\u0101k nek\u0101 50% no izmantot\u0101 N, sp\u0113ja re\u0101llaik\u0101 noteikt augsnes N \u013cauj audz\u0113t\u0101jiem izvair\u012bties no p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anas, kas vienk\u0101r\u0161i izskalotos.<\/p>\n Augsnes elektrovad\u012btsp\u0113jas (EC) kart\u0113\u0161ana:<\/strong> Pla\u0161i tiek izmantoti ar\u012b \u0161\u0137ietami augsnes EK sensori (piem\u0113ram, Veris vai EMI instrumenti). \u0160\u012bs ier\u012bces s\u016bta nelielu elektrisko str\u0101vu caur augsni un m\u0113ra vad\u012btsp\u0113ju, kas korel\u0113 ar augsnes tekst\u016bru, mitrumu un s\u0101\u013cumu. Velkot EK sensoru p\u0101ri laukam, audz\u0113t\u0101ji \u0123ener\u0113 augsnes main\u012bguma karti (augst\u0101ka EK bie\u017ei nor\u0101da uz m\u0101lu un mitrumu, zem\u0101ka EK - uz smilt\u012bm). \u0160\u012bs EK kartes pal\u012bdz noteikt MZ augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anai vai VRT. Piem\u0113ram, EK apsekojums aug\u013cu d\u0101rz\u0101 var atkl\u0101t smag\u0101ku augsni d\u012b\u0137a tuvum\u0101 vai smalkas tekst\u016bras ieplakas; \u0161\u012bs zonas var apsaimniekot ar liel\u0101k\u0101m m\u0113slojuma vai \u016bdens dev\u0101m. Piel\u0101gojot m\u0113slojuma ievadi EK zon\u0101m, audz\u0113t\u0101ji izmanto dabisko main\u012bgumu, lai palielin\u0101tu efektivit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n Main\u012bgas devas m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013ca lieto\u0161ana (VRT):<\/strong> Augsnes noteik\u0161anas galvenais rezult\u0101ts ir VRT (Velocilindru sensoru) tehnolo\u0123ija. M\u016bsdienu traktori un izklied\u0113t\u0101ji izmanto GPS vad\u012bbu, lai katr\u0101 rind\u0101 uzkl\u0101tu m\u0113slojumu ar main\u012bgu devu. Recep\u0161u kartes, kas \u0123ener\u0113tas no augsnes testiem, ra\u017eas v\u0113stures un citiem datu sl\u0101\u0146iem, nor\u0101da ma\u0161\u012bnai, cik daudz m\u0113slojuma j\u0101izkaisa katr\u0101 viet\u0101. Sekciju kontroles izklied\u0113t\u0101ji vai m\u0113slo\u0161anas in\u017eektori p\u0113c tam modul\u0113 devu atbilsto\u0161i GPS poz\u012bcijai. \u0160\u012b iesp\u0113ja p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 augsnes datus darb\u012bb\u0101: bar\u012bbas viel\u0101m bag\u0101t\u0101s zonas sa\u0146em maz vai nemaz nesa\u0146em papildu m\u0113slojumu, savuk\u0101rt vietas ar zemu augl\u012bbu sa\u0146em vair\u0101k, uzlabojot kop\u0113jo ra\u017eas potenci\u0101lu un samazinot atkritumus. Izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumos ar citrusaug\u013cu d\u0101rziem VRT samazin\u0101ja kop\u0113jo m\u0113slojuma pat\u0113ri\u0146u un izmaksas audz\u0113t\u0101jiem (vienlaikus palielinot aug\u013cu skaitu), sal\u012bdzinot ar vienm\u0113r\u012bgu devu.<\/p>\n Papildus augsnes datiem prec\u012bza bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba izmanto uz augiem balst\u012btus sensorus, lai tie\u0161i nov\u0113rt\u0113tu kult\u016braugu st\u0101vokli.<\/p>\n Audu test\u0113\u0161ana un sulas anal\u012bze:<\/strong> \u0160ie tradicion\u0101lie r\u012bki joproj\u0101m ir noder\u012bgi prec\u012bzijas programm\u0101m. Audu testi ietver lapu vai k\u0101ti\u0146u paraugu sav\u0101k\u0161anu noteiktos aug\u0161anas posmos un bar\u012bbas vielu satura anal\u012bzi laboratorij\u0101. Rezult\u0101ti (piem\u0113ram, lapu N vai K koncentr\u0101cija) sniedz priek\u0161statu par pa\u0161reiz\u0113jo kult\u016braugu bar\u012bbas vielu pieejam\u012bbu. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji var attiec\u012bgi piel\u0101got m\u0113slojumu. Sulas anal\u012bze (ksil\u0113mas sulas elektrovad\u012btsp\u0113ja) ir \u0101trs lauka tests, ko bie\u017ei izmanto aug\u013cu d\u0101rzos (\u012bpa\u0161i v\u012bnogul\u0101jos), lai aptuveni noteiktu kop\u0113jo \u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161o cietvielu vai N koncentr\u0101ciju aug\u0101.<\/p>\n Ja nitr\u0101tu sulas l\u012bmenis ir zem m\u0113r\u0137a, var pilin\u0101t vair\u0101k sl\u0101pek\u013ca; ja tas ir augsts, sl\u0101pek\u013ca iestr\u0101d\u0101\u0161ana tiek aiztur\u0113ta. \u0160\u012bs metodes sniedz datus par zemes datiem, kas papildina augsnes m\u0113r\u012bjumus, \u012bpa\u0161i, ja uz\u0146em\u0161ana notiek telpiski main\u012bgi. Piem\u0113ram, audz\u0113t\u0101ji var \u0146emt lapu paraugus da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s aug\u013cu d\u0101rzu zon\u0101s, lai prec\u012bzi piel\u0101gotu main\u012bgas devas m\u0113slo\u0161anu.<\/p>\n Hlorofila metri:<\/strong> Rokas hlorofila m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ji (piem\u0113ram, SPAD vai CCM mode\u013ci) m\u0113ra lapu za\u013cumu k\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca statusa r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju. M\u0113r\u012bt\u0101js piestiprin\u0101s pie lapas un zi\u0146o indeksu, kas saist\u012bts ar hlorofila saturu. T\u0101 k\u0101 hlorofils ir cie\u0161i saist\u012bts ar lapu sl\u0101pekli, \u0161ie r\u0101d\u012bjumi \u013cauj \u0101tri nov\u0113rt\u0113t relat\u012bv\u0101s N vajadz\u012bbas lauk\u0101. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji var iestat\u012bt robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bbas katrai kult\u016brai: r\u0101d\u012bjumi zem robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m aktiviz\u0113 m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu. Prec\u012bz\u0101s programm\u0101s telpiski sadal\u012bti SPAD r\u0101d\u012bjumi (vai modern\u0101ki optisk\u0101s atstaro\u0161anas klip\u0161i) var izveidot kult\u016braugu sl\u0101pek\u013ca kartes VRT. P\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka SPAD v\u0113rt\u012bbas korel\u0113 ar biomasu un ra\u017eu; piem\u0113ram, uz NDVI vai SPAD balst\u012bta sl\u0101pek\u013ca p\u0101rvald\u012bba graudaugos konsekventi p\u0101rsp\u0113j visp\u0101r\u0113ju m\u0113slo\u0161anu. Lai gan specializ\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m ir unik\u0101li lapu pigmenti, hlorofila m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ji un l\u012bdz\u012bgas optisk\u0101s ier\u012bces arvien vair\u0101k tiek kalibr\u0113tas ar\u012b d\u0101rze\u0146iem un aug\u013ciem.<\/p>\n NDVI un multispektr\u0101lie att\u0113li:<\/strong> Droni, lidma\u0161\u012bnas vai satel\u012bti var uz\u0146emt kult\u016braugu multispektr\u0101lus att\u0113lus, tostarp tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 (NIR) un sarkan\u0101s joslas. Bie\u017ei izmantotais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss NDVI (normaliz\u0113tais diferenci\u0101lais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss) tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ts no NIR un sarkan\u0101s atstaro\u0161anas un nor\u0101da vainaga sp\u0113ku un biomasu. Bl\u012bvas, bar\u012bbas viel\u0101m bag\u0101tas augu vainagi atstaro vair\u0101k NIR un maz\u0101k sarkan\u0101s gaismas, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di ieg\u016bstot augst\u0101ku NDVI. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji izmanto NDVI kartes, lai sezonas vid\u016b noteiktu bar\u012bbas vielu defic\u012bta apgabalus. Vien\u0101 kvie\u0161u p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 NDVI noteik\u0161ana N pielieto\u0161anai \u013c\u0101va pan\u0101kt liel\u0101ku graudu ra\u017eu un sl\u0101pek\u013ca izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti nek\u0101 fiks\u0113tas devas programmas.<\/p>\n Tas pats princips attiecas ar\u012b uz specializ\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m: NDVI vai l\u012bdz\u012bgi indeksi (piem\u0113ram, GNDVI za\u013cajai biomasai) no dronu att\u0113liem var atkl\u0101t stresa zonas ogu lauk\u0101 vai nevienm\u0113r\u012bgu sl\u0101pek\u013ca uz\u0146em\u0161anu aug\u013cu d\u0101rz\u0101, vadot lok\u0101lu apstr\u0101di. Uz traktoriem uzst\u0101d\u012btie lapotnes atstaro\u0161anas sensori (piem\u0113ram, Yara N-Sensor) darbojas p\u0113c \u0161\u012b principa, modul\u0113jot N m\u0113slojumu kust\u012bb\u0101, pamatojoties uz re\u0101llaika atstaro\u0161anu. Izj\u016btot pa\u0161u augu, \u0161\u012bs tehnolo\u0123ijas \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 visus faktorus (augsni, \u016bdeni, vesel\u012bbu), kas ietekm\u0113 bar\u012bbas vielu nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu.<\/p>\n Visi iepriek\u0161 min\u0113tie sensori un datu avoti ir integr\u0113ti, izmantojot GPS, \u0122IS un l\u0113mumu atbalsta r\u012bkus.<\/p>\n Lauka kart\u0113\u0161ana:<\/strong> M\u016bsdienu traktori un smidzin\u0101t\u0101ji ir apr\u012bkoti ar GPS (bie\u017ei vien ar RTK korekcij\u0101m), lai ierakst\u012btu prec\u012bzas lauka koordin\u0101tas. Tehnikai (smidzin\u0101t\u0101jiem, kombainiem, traktoriem) darbojoties, t\u0101 izveido \u0123eoreferenc\u0113tas kartes: ra\u017eas kartes no kombainiem, smidzin\u0101\u0161anas kartes no smidzin\u0101t\u0101jiem un ce\u013cu \u017eurn\u0101lus no pl\u0101not\u0101jiem. \u0160\u012bs kartes nodro\u0161ina \u0122IS programmat\u016bru, lai vizualiz\u0113tu main\u012bgumu lauk\u0101. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji var p\u0101rkl\u0101t ra\u017eas datus ar augsnes test\u0113\u0161anas kart\u0113m, lai redz\u0113tu, k\u0101 augl\u012bba ietekm\u0113 ra\u017eu, vai p\u0101rkl\u0101t mitruma sensoru atra\u0161an\u0101s vietas ar topogr\u0101fiju, lai noteiktu saus\u0101s vietas. \u0160\u012b telpisk\u0101 izpratne ir b\u016btiska specializ\u0113taj\u0101 kult\u016braugu audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101, kur katru koku vai v\u012bnogul\u0101ju rindu var apsaimniekot individu\u0101li.<\/p>\n Recep\u0161u kartes:<\/strong> Izmantojot \u0122IS, da\u017e\u0101di datu sl\u0101\u0146i (augsnes testu rezult\u0101ti, ra\u017eas v\u0113sture, sensoru dati, reljefs, augsekas v\u0113sture) tiek apvienoti, lai izveidotu recep\u0161u kartes. Piem\u0113ram, aug\u013cu audz\u0113t\u0101js var\u0113tu nov\u0113rt\u0113t v\u0113lu sezonas augsnes sl\u0101pek\u013ca un lapu hlorofila kartes, lai noteiktu sl\u0101pek\u013ca recep\u0161u kartes: zonas ar augstu sl\u0101pek\u013ca saturu sa\u0146em 0 kg\/ha, zonas ar vid\u0113ju sl\u0101pek\u013ca saturu - 50 kg\/ha, zonas ar zemu sl\u0101pek\u013ca saturu - 100 kg\/ha. \u0160\u012bs devas zonas tiek apkopotas GPS sader\u012bg\u0101 recep\u0161u fail\u0101. M\u016bsdienu traktori vai m\u0113slo\u0161anas iek\u0101rtas p\u0113c tam nolasa \u0161o karti un attiec\u012bgi piel\u0101go lieto\u0161anas aparat\u016bru. \u0160\u012b datu sl\u0101\u0146o\u0161ana (piem\u0113ram, "Datu sl\u0101\u0146o\u0161ana, piem\u0113ram, ra\u017ea, augsne un mitrums") ir tas, kas padara m\u0113slo\u0161anu specifisku vietai.<\/p>\n GPS vad\u012btas tehnikas:<\/strong> Galu gal\u0101 GPS kontrol\u0113 tehniku. Ciet\u0101 m\u0113slojuma izklied\u0113t\u0101ji izmanto sekciju vad\u012bbu, lai iesl\u0113gtu\/izsl\u0113gtu sekcijas acumirkl\u012b, piel\u0101gojot noteikto devu. \u0160\u0137idr\u0101 m\u0113slojuma vai herbic\u012bdu izklied\u0113t\u0101jiem main\u012bgas devas s\u016bk\u0146i vai sekciju smidzin\u0101t\u0101ja stie\u0146i modul\u0113 izvadi uz katru sprauslu. T\u0101 pati GPS sist\u0113ma st\u016br\u0113 traktorus, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu vienm\u0113r\u012bgu p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu, un autom\u0101tisk\u0101 vad\u012bba samazina p\u0101rkl\u0101\u0161anos. Specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101s prec\u012bz\u0101s s\u0113jas un p\u0101rst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas ma\u0161\u012bnas tiek vad\u012btas ar\u012b, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu, ka s\u0113klas vai st\u0101di tiek novietoti optim\u0101l\u0101 poz\u012bcij\u0101 attiec\u012bb\u0101 pret kokiem vai ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas l\u012bnij\u0101m. Visas \u0161\u012bs GPS\/\u0122IS integr\u0101cijas nodro\u0161ina prec\u012bzu ievades datu izvietojumu, kas atbilst pamat\u0101 eso\u0161ajiem lauka datiem.<\/p>\n \u016adens optimiz\u0101cija specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101s izmanto tr\u012bs galven\u0101s pieejas: tie\u0161u augsnes mitruma noteik\u0161anu, uz klimatu balst\u012btu pl\u0101no\u0161anu un modernu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas aparat\u016bru. \u0160\u012bs metodes bie\u017ei p\u0101rkl\u0101jas (piem\u0113ram, automatiz\u0113t\u0101 pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161an\u0101 tiek izmantoti gan augsnes sensori, gan laika apst\u0101k\u013cu dati).<\/p>\n Augsnes mitruma sensori sniedz re\u0101llaika datus par \u016bdens saturu sak\u0146u zon\u0101. Izplat\u012bt\u0101k\u0101s ier\u012bces ir kapacitat\u012bv\u0101s sensori un tenziometri. Kapacitat\u012bv\u0101s (dielektrisk\u0101s) sensori, piem\u0113ram, Decagon TEROS zondes, m\u0113ra augsnes dielektrisko konstanti starp elektrodiem; t\u0101 k\u0101 \u016bdenim ir augsta dielektrisk\u0101 konstante, zondes spriegums main\u0101s l\u012bdz ar \u016bdens saturu. \u0160ie sensori, kas parasti tiek uzst\u0101d\u012bti 10\u201330 cm dzi\u013cum\u0101, var zi\u0146ot par tilpuma \u016bdens saturu ar precizit\u0101ti \u00b12\u20133%. Tenziometri sast\u0101v no porainas keramikas kr\u016bzes, kas savienota ar vakuuma m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ju; tie m\u0113ra sak\u0146u j\u016btamo s\u016bk\u0161anas sp\u0113ku (negat\u012bvo spiedienu), nor\u0101dot, cik smagi augiem j\u0101str\u0101d\u0101, lai ieg\u016btu \u016bdeni. Augsnes mitruma zondes bie\u017ei tiek izvietotas bezvadu sensoru t\u012bkl\u0101 vis\u0101 lauk\u0101 vai aug\u013cu d\u0101rz\u0101 (piem\u0113ram, katr\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas blok\u0101). Dati no \u0161iem sensoriem tiek pieg\u0101d\u0101ti ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas kontrolleriem vai inform\u0101cijas pane\u013ciem.<\/p>\n Piem\u0113ram, audz\u0113t\u0101js var\u0113tu uzst\u0101d\u012bt kapacitat\u012bv\u0101s zondes vair\u0101kos dzi\u013cumos zem citrusaug\u013cu koka un bezvadu re\u017e\u012bm\u0101 p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012bt r\u0101d\u012bjumus katru stundu. Ja sensors r\u0101da 30% VWC, kad ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas slieksnis ir 40%, kontrolieris aktiviz\u0113 pilin\u0101\u0161anas v\u0101rstus, l\u012bdz zonde atgrie\u017eas m\u0113r\u0137\u012b. \u0160\u012b tie\u0161\u0101 atgriezenisk\u0101 saite nodro\u0161ina, ka kokiem nekad nepiem\u012bt nopietns stress. Bezvadu sensoru t\u012bkli (izmantojot LoRa vai Wi-Fi) \u013cauj desmitiem zondu sazin\u0101ties ar centr\u0101lo sist\u0113mu. Lai gan sensoru precizit\u0101te at\u0161\u0137iras atkar\u012bb\u0101 no augsnes tipa, pareiza kalibr\u0113\u0161ana nodro\u0161ina uzticamus pl\u0101no\u0161anas l\u0113mumus. Daudzi uz\u0146\u0113mumi tagad pied\u0101v\u0101 integr\u0113tas augsnes mitruma uzraudz\u012bbas sist\u0113mas ar autom\u0101tiskiem br\u012bdin\u0101jumiem (izmantojot mobilo lietotni), kad nepiecie\u0161ama ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana, aizst\u0101jot min\u0113jumus ar datiem.<\/p>\n T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai rea\u0123\u0113tu tikai uz augsnes datiem, uz klimatu balst\u012bta pl\u0101no\u0161ana izmanto laika apst\u0101k\u013cu un kult\u016braugu mode\u013cus, lai prognoz\u0113tu \u016bdens vajadz\u012bbas. \u0160\u012b pieeja balst\u0101s uz evapotranspir\u0101cijas (ET) datiem un meteorolo\u0123isko staciju ievadi. ET ir augsnes iztvaiko\u0161anas un augu transpir\u0101cijas summa; t\u0101 atspogu\u013co katru dienu zaud\u0113to \u016bdeni. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji var ieg\u016bt viet\u0113jos ET datus no saimniec\u012bbas meteorolo\u0123iskaj\u0101m stacij\u0101m vai publiskiem avotiem (piem\u0113ram, NOAA vai NASA). Izmantojot kult\u016braugu koeficientu (Kc) konkr\u0113tajai kult\u016brai un aug\u0161anas stadijai, vi\u0146i apr\u0113\u0137ina kult\u016braugu evapotranspir\u0101ciju (ETc = Kc \u00d7 atsauces ET). Piem\u0113ram, lucernas ET ir izplat\u012bta atsauce; ja viet\u0113jo meteorolo\u0123isko staciju dati uzr\u0101da 5 mm \u016bdens zudumu karst\u0101 dien\u0101 un piln\u012bb\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146otu tom\u0101tu Kc ir 1,0, tad ETc = 5 mm\/dien\u0101. P\u0113c tam tiek iestat\u012bts ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas grafiks, lai aizst\u0101tu \u0161os 5 mm \u016bdens (atskaitot jebkuru efekt\u012bvu nokri\u0161\u0146u daudzumu).<\/p>\n Prognoz\u0113jo\u0161ie mode\u013ci var izmantot ar\u012b \u012bstermi\u0146a prognozes. Programmat\u016bra, piem\u0113ram, CROPWAT vai komerci\u0101las platformas, apkopo ikdienas temperat\u016bras, mitruma, saules starojuma un v\u0113ja datus, lai prognoz\u0113tu ET un ieteiktu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu. Piem\u0113ram, m\u016bsdienu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas kontrolieri var sa\u0146emt prognozes datus un atlikt ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu, ja gaid\u0101ms lietus, vai pievienot da\u013cu ET, ja apst\u0101k\u013ci k\u013c\u016bst saus\u0101ki.<\/p>\n \u0160\u012b uz klimatu balst\u012bt\u0101 pl\u0101no\u0161ana var ietaup\u012bt \u016bdeni: vien\u0101 p\u0101rskat\u0101 tika atz\u012bm\u0113ts, ka vieda pl\u0101no\u0161ana, kuras pamat\u0101 ir laikapst\u0101k\u013ci un \u0101r\u0113j\u0101 temperat\u016bra (ET), var samazin\u0101t ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu par 30\u201365% sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar appludin\u0101\u0161anas ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu, vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot ra\u017eu. Praks\u0113 daudzas specializ\u0113tas kult\u016braugu saimniec\u012bbas izmanto uz vietas eso\u0161as meteorolo\u0123isk\u0101s stacijas, kas savienotas ar to ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113mu. Meteorolo\u0123isk\u0101 stacija re\u0123istr\u0113 neto radi\u0101ciju un citus faktorus; kontrolieris veic ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu, kad apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tais augsnes mitruma defic\u012bts sasniedz noteiktu punktu (bie\u017ei vien saist\u012bts ar augiem pieejam\u0101 \u016bdens procentu\u0101lo da\u013cu). \u0160\u012b metode \u013cauj izvair\u012bties no p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas m\u0101ko\u0146ain\u0101s dien\u0101s un nodro\u0161ina, ka \u016bdens tiek uzkl\u0101ts tie\u0161i pirms stresa s\u0101kuma.<\/p>\n Vied\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana apvieno automatiz\u0101ciju ar prec\u012bzu aparat\u016bru. Visizplat\u012bt\u0101k\u0101 ir automatiz\u0113ta pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana. Pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas ier\u012bces pieg\u0101d\u0101 \u016bdeni tie\u0161i katra auga sak\u0146u zonai, samazinot iztvaiko\u0161anu un noteci. Apvienojum\u0101 ar kontrolieriem pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu var iestat\u012bt t\u0101, lai t\u0101 pieg\u0101d\u0101tu prec\u012bzus daudzumus prec\u012bz\u0101 laik\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, automatiz\u0113tas pilienveida l\u012bnijas var impulsos lietot bar\u012bbas vielas (m\u0113slo\u0161anu) un \u016bdeni kop\u0101, ko kontrol\u0113 taimeris vai augsnes sensora ieeja. Main\u012bga \u0101truma ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana (VRI) ir v\u0113l viens uzlabojums, \u012bpa\u0161i liel\u0101m lauka sist\u0113m\u0101m (piem\u0113ram, centr\u0101l\u0101s \u0161arn\u012brsavieno\u0161anas vai liel\u0101s pistoles, ko izmanto da\u017eos d\u0101rze\u0146u laukos). VRI izmanto GPS un zonu v\u0101rstus, lai da\u017e\u0101dos lauka sektoros lietotu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgus \u016bdens daudzumus. Piem\u0113ram, \u0161arn\u012brsavienojums var main\u012bt spiedienu, lai vien\u0101 pieg\u0101jien\u0101 izvad\u012btu vair\u0101k \u016bdens uz smil\u0161ainas augsnes un maz\u0101k uz m\u0101la augsnes. Tam ir nepiecie\u0161ama ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas recep\u0161u karte, kas l\u012bdz\u012bga m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu VRT kart\u0113m.<\/p>\n Ir pieejama ar\u012b t\u0101lvad\u012bbas pults: daudziem kontrolieriem tagad ir mobilo sakaru vai Wi-Fi savienojums, t\u0101p\u0113c audz\u0113t\u0101ji var regul\u0113t v\u0101rstus, izmantojot viedt\u0101lruni vai kl\u0113pjdatoru, no jebkuras vietas. Ja tuvojas v\u0113tra, lauksaimnieks var atlikt ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu; ja pusdienlaik\u0101 temperat\u016bra paaugstin\u0101s, var aktiviz\u0113t papildu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas impulsus. \u0160\u012bs vied\u0101s sist\u0113mas uzlabo efektivit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n Piem\u0113ram, Netafim nor\u0101da, ka prec\u012bza pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana var samazin\u0101t iztvaiko\u0161anas zudumus gandr\u012bz l\u012bdz 0,1 TP3T (sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar 10\u201330,1 TP3T zudumiem zem smidzin\u0101t\u0101jiem). T\u0101 ar\u012b piln\u012bb\u0101 nov\u0113r\u0161 noteci, jo \u016bdens tiek uzkl\u0101ts neliel\u0101s dev\u0101s tie\u0161i augsn\u0113. Praks\u0113 audz\u0113t\u0101ji zi\u0146o par iev\u0113rojamu \u016bdens ietaup\u012bjumu un ra\u017eas pieaugumu, izmantojot viedo pilienveida sist\u0113mu. Vien\u0101 nozares p\u0101rskat\u0101 tika konstat\u0113ts, ka ieguld\u012bjumi prec\u012bz\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161an\u0101 var nodro\u0161in\u0101t ieguvumu un izmaksu attiec\u012bbu virs 2,5:1 ar atdeves laiku 3\u20135 gadi, kas atspogu\u013co gan \u016bdens ietaup\u012bjumu, gan liel\u0101ku ra\u017e\u012bbu.<\/p>\n Fertig\u0101cija<\/strong> \u2013 m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu pieg\u0101des prakse, izmantojot ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113mu, \u2013 ir dabisks prec\u012bzas ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas partneris specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101s. Sasaistot bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101di ar ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas laiku, m\u0113slo\u0161ana nodro\u0161ina prec\u012bzu bar\u012bbas vielu doz\u0113\u0161anu un lab\u0101ku uz\u0146em\u0161anu. Pilienveida m\u0113slo\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101 \u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161\u0101 m\u0113slojuma tvertnes vai iesmidzin\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113mas ir pievienotas pilin\u0101\u0161anas l\u012bnijai. Kad ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana ir iepl\u0101nota (ar augsnes sensoru vai taimeri), sist\u0113ma vienlaikus ievada apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tu bar\u012bbas vielu devu. Tas nodro\u0161ina, ka augi sa\u0146em m\u0113slojumu tie\u0161i tad, kad tiek uzkl\u0101ts \u016bdens, maksim\u0101li palielinot sak\u0146u uzs\u016bk\u0161anos un samazinot izskalo\u0161anos.<\/p>\n M\u0113slo\u0161anas priek\u0161roc\u012bbas prec\u012bz\u0101s sist\u0113mas ietvaros ir iev\u0113rojamas. Pirmk\u0101rt, t\u0101 \u013cauj prec\u012bzi doz\u0113t atbilsto\u0161i aug\u0161anas stadijai. Piem\u0113ram, tom\u0101tu audz\u0113t\u0101js zied\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101 var lietot augstu fosfora un k\u0101lija daudzumu, lai veicin\u0101tu aug\u013cu aizmet\u0146o\u0161anos, un p\u0113c tam ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101s aug\u0161anas laik\u0101 p\u0101riet uz liel\u0101ku sl\u0101pek\u013ca daudzumu. Turpret\u012b visu bar\u012bbas vielu lieto\u0161ana st\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101 (k\u0101 tradicion\u0101laj\u0101s metod\u0113s) ir neefekt\u012bva un var aiztur\u0113t bar\u012bbas vielas no sakn\u0113m. M\u0113slo\u0161anas metode piel\u0101go devas acumirkl\u012b: ja lapu audu tests sezonas vid\u016b uzr\u0101da zemu N l\u012bmeni, n\u0101kam\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana var nodro\u0161in\u0101t papildu N daudzumu; ja lapu N l\u012bmenis ir augsts, sist\u0113ma izlai\u017e vai samazina N injekciju.<\/p>\n Otrk\u0101rt, m\u0113slo\u0161ana sinhroniz\u0113 \u016bdeni un bar\u012bbas vielas, lai samazin\u0101tu zudumus. T\u0101 k\u0101 liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca bar\u012bbas vielu tiek pieg\u0101d\u0101tas mitrin\u0101tai sak\u0146u zonai, ir maz\u0101ka iesp\u0113ja, ka t\u0101s notec\u0113s vai ies\u016bksies \u0101rpus sak\u0146u zonas. Piem\u0113ram, \u0136\u012bn\u0101 veikts vasaras kukur\u016bzas p\u0113t\u012bjums, izmantojot uz lietu internetu (IoT) balst\u012btu \u016bdens un sl\u0101pek\u013ca koordin\u0101ciju, uzr\u0101d\u012bja iespaid\u012bgus rezult\u0101tus: optim\u0101ls ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas+m\u0113slo\u0161anas re\u017e\u012bms (Lietu interneta sist\u0113ma B2) palielin\u0101ja ra\u017eu par 41,31 TP3T, vienlaikus ietaupot 38,11 TP3T ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas \u016bdens un 35,81 TP3T m\u0113slojuma, sal\u012bdzinot ar parasto apstr\u0101di. Lai gan t\u0101 bija kukur\u016bza, t\u0101 ilustr\u0113 principu, ka prec\u012bza m\u0113slo\u0161ana var iev\u0113rojami uzlabot bar\u012bbas vielu izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti (NUE). L\u012bdz\u012bgi ieg\u016bst ar\u012b specializ\u0113tas kult\u016bras, kuras bie\u017ei ap\u016bde\u0146o bie\u017ei: r\u016bp\u012bga m\u0113slo\u0161ana var samazin\u0101t kop\u0113jo nepiecie\u0161amo m\u0113slojuma daudzumu, vienlaikus palielinot ra\u017eu.<\/p>\n Visbeidzot, m\u0113slo\u0161ana \u013cauj izmantot main\u012bgu bar\u012bbas vielu daudzumu. T\u0101pat k\u0101 pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu var zon\u0113t \u016bdens padevei, m\u0113slojuma in\u017eekcijas s\u016bk\u0146i var main\u012bt devas da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s zon\u0101s. M\u016bsdienu kontrolieri pie\u0146em recep\u0161u kartes m\u0113slo\u0161anai: ja augsnes paraugi nor\u0101da uz ogu lauka st\u016bri ar k\u0101lija tr\u016bkumu, sist\u0113ma var tur novirz\u012bt vair\u0101k K. Daudzrindu pilin\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101s (izplat\u012btas siltumn\u012bc\u0101s vai polikarbon\u0101ta tune\u013cos) katrai l\u012bnijai var b\u016bt savs s\u016bkn\u0113\u0161anas \u0101trums. \u0160\u012b saist\u012bt\u0101 \u016bdens un bar\u012bbas vielu precizit\u0101te noz\u012bm\u0113, ka audz\u0113t\u0101ji izmanto pareizo daudzumu pareizaj\u0101 viet\u0101. Kopum\u0101 m\u0113slo\u0161anas integr\u0113\u0161ana prec\u012bz\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s iev\u0113rojami samazina bar\u012bbas vielu zudumus un uzlabo uz\u0146em\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti, vienlaikus nodro\u0161inot prec\u012bzu kult\u016braugu bar\u012bbas vielu kontroli.<\/p>\n Visi \u0161ie sensori un kontrolieri \u0123ener\u0113 milz\u012bgu datu apjomu. Efekt\u012bvai prec\u012bzajai lauksaimniec\u012bbai ir nepiecie\u0161ama jaud\u012bga datu p\u0101rvald\u012bba. Tagad ir pieejami saimniec\u012bbas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas programmat\u016bras (FMS) risin\u0101jumi, lai apkopotu lauka datus un p\u0101rv\u0113rstu tos praktiski izmantojam\u0101s atzi\u0146\u0101s. \u0160\u012bs platformas (piem\u0113ram, Granular, Trimble Ag Software, Climate FieldView) integr\u0113 ra\u017eas kartes, augsnes testus, laika apst\u0101k\u013cu \u017eurn\u0101lus, sensoru r\u0101d\u012bjumus un pat satel\u012bta vai dronu att\u0113lus. Izmantojot m\u0101ko\u0146datub\u0101zes, audz\u0113t\u0101ji vai konsultanti var sl\u0101\u0146ot \u0161os datus un vizualiz\u0113t telpisk\u0101s tendences. Piem\u0113ram, p\u0101rkl\u0101jot augsnes mitruma kartes ar iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s sezonas ra\u017eas datiem, FMS var\u0113tu atkl\u0101t, ka neliels \u016bdens defic\u012bts vien\u0101 lauka da\u013c\u0101 samazina burk\u0101nu ra\u017eu par 15%.<\/p>\n Ar m\u0101ksl\u012bgo intelektu balst\u012bti ieteikumi ir jauna par\u0101d\u012bba. Da\u017eas sist\u0113mas analiz\u0113 v\u0113sturiskos datus un laika prognozes, lai ieteiktu optim\u0101las ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas vai m\u0113slojuma receptes. Piem\u0113ram, ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s mode\u013cus var apm\u0101c\u012bt iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m aug\u0161anas sezon\u0101m: \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 datus par augsnes tipu, laika apst\u0101k\u013ciem un sensoru r\u0101d\u012bjumiem, m\u0101ksl\u012bgais intelekts var paredz\u0113t kult\u016braugu reakciju un ieteikt bar\u012bbas vielu grafiku. S\u0101kotn\u0113jie p\u0113t\u012bjumi ir atkl\u0101ju\u0161i, ka m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta l\u0113mumu atbalsts var uzlabot sl\u0101pek\u013ca pl\u0101no\u0161anu, izmantojot statiskus noteikumus, lai gan uztic\u0113\u0161an\u0101s un kalibr\u0113\u0161ana joproj\u0101m ir probl\u0113ma. Tom\u0113r tirg\u016b ien\u0101k r\u012bki ar ieb\u016bv\u0113tu m\u0101ksl\u012bgo intelektu, kas sola vienk\u0101r\u0161ot l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161anu audz\u0113t\u0101jiem bez prec\u012bzas pieredzes.<\/p>\n V\u0113l viena priek\u0161roc\u012bba ir v\u0113sturisko datu izseko\u0161ana. Katrs ievades rezult\u0101ts k\u013c\u016bst par ierakstu: cik daudz N tika uzkl\u0101ts 10. j\u016bnij\u0101 noteikt\u0101 rind\u0101, k\u0101ds bija sensora r\u0101d\u012bjums un k\u0101da bija ra\u017ea. \u0160\u012b v\u0113sture \u013cauj audz\u0113t\u0101jiem prec\u012bzi piel\u0101got darb\u012bbas sezon\u0101li. M\u0101kon\u012b balst\u012bta anal\u012btika \u013cauj konsultantu komand\u0101m att\u0101lin\u0101ti uzraudz\u012bt vair\u0101kas saimniec\u012bbas. Praks\u0113 saimniec\u012bbas konsultants var pieteikties m\u0101ko\u0146port\u0101l\u0101 un redz\u0113t br\u012bdin\u0101jumus par jebkuru lauku, kur\u0101 tr\u016bkst mitruma vai ir redzams bar\u012bbas vielu tr\u016bkums.<\/p>\n Ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi integr\u0113t datus no vair\u0101kiem avotiem. Sist\u0113m\u0101 tiek ievad\u012bti dronu vai satel\u012btu att\u0113li (multispektr\u0101lie) l\u012bdz\u0101s zemes sensoriem. Droni var noteikt augu stresu gandr\u012bz re\u0101llaik\u0101, un FMS var tos apvienot ar augsnes zond\u0113\u0161anas datiem. FMS \u0122IS r\u012bki pal\u012bdz izveidot iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101s recep\u0161u kartes. Savienojam\u012bba, izmantojot 4G\/5G vai LoRa, savieno sensorus ar internetu, nodro\u0161inot inform\u0101cijas pane\u013cu un lietot\u0146u darb\u012bbu. Kopum\u0101 l\u0113mumu atbalsta sist\u0113mas p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 neapstr\u0101d\u0101tus sensoru datus p\u0101rvald\u012bbas darb\u012bb\u0101s, padarot prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas r\u012bkus pieejamus specializ\u0113to kult\u016braugu audz\u0113t\u0101jiem un pal\u012bdzot vi\u0146iem pie\u0146emt uz datiem balst\u012btus l\u0113mumus, nevis min\u0113jumus.<\/p>\n Prec\u012bza bar\u012bbas vielu un \u016bdens p\u0101rvald\u012bba ir j\u0101piel\u0101go katras kult\u016bras fiziolo\u0123ijai un lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113mai. Zem\u0101k ir sniegti galveno specializ\u0113to kult\u016braugu kategoriju piem\u0113ri.<\/p>\n Koku aug\u013cu d\u0101rzos (\u0101bolu, citrusaug\u013cu, bumbieru u.\u00a0c.) pla\u0161i tiek izmantota zon\u0101la ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana un m\u0113slo\u0161ana. Katra koku rinda var b\u016bt apsaimnieko\u0161anas zona: vec\u0101ki vai liel\u0101ki koki sa\u0146em vair\u0101k \u016bdens un m\u0113slojuma, jaun\u0101ki \u2014 maz\u0101k. Pilin\u0101\u0161anas l\u012bnijas parasti tiek uzst\u0101d\u012btas pa vienai uz vienu vai diviem kokiem; \u0161\u012bs l\u012bnijas var regul\u0113t ar zonu v\u0101rstiem. Piem\u0113ram, 50\u00a0akru \u0101be\u013cd\u0101rzu var iedal\u012bt 5\u00a0ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas zon\u0101s, pamatojoties uz koka vecumu un augsni. Agr\u012bn\u0101 sezon\u0101 (no zied\u0113\u0161anas l\u012bdz aug\u013cu aizmet\u0146o\u0161anai) sist\u0113ma var injic\u0113t fosforu un k\u0101liju, kad tas nepiecie\u0161ams, un p\u0113c tam, aug\u013ciem att\u012bstoties, p\u0101rsl\u0113gties uz sl\u0101pekli. Bar\u012bbas vielu ievad\u012b\u0161anas laiks ir \u013coti svar\u012bgs: p\u0101r\u0101k liela sl\u0101pek\u013ca daudzuma ievad\u012b\u0161ana pirms zied\u0113\u0161anas var aizkav\u0113t zied\u0113\u0161anu, t\u0101p\u0113c prec\u012bz\u0101s sist\u0113mas \u013cauj izlaist sl\u0101pek\u013ca ievad\u012b\u0161anu agri un palielin\u0101t to v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n Run\u0101jot par datiem, aug\u013cu d\u0101rznieki bie\u017ei izmanto lapu audu anal\u012bzi zied\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101 vai sezonas vid\u016b (k\u0101tainu anal\u012bze) un izmanto rezult\u0101tus precizit\u0101tes programm\u0101. Turkl\u0101t traktoru lapotnes sensori var kart\u0113t aug\u0161anas sp\u0113ka at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp blokiem. P\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka citrusaug\u013cu sl\u0101pek\u013ca apstr\u0101de atbilsto\u0161i vietai uzlaboja aug\u013cu ra\u017eu un kvalit\u0101ti. Vien\u0101 izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jum\u0101 citrusaug\u013ciem, kas tika m\u0113sloti ar main\u012bgu devu, bija liel\u0101ks stumbra apk\u0101rtm\u0113rs (koka aug\u0161anas sp\u0113ka r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js) un liel\u0101ks aug\u013cu skaits uz koku nek\u0101 vienm\u0113r\u012bgi m\u0113slotiem kokiem. Tas liecina, ka prec\u012bz\u0101 m\u0113slo\u0161ana aug\u013cu d\u0101rzos ne tikai samazina atkritumus, bet ar\u012b var uzlabot ra\u017eu un kvalit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n V\u012bnogas ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi jut\u012bgas pret \u016bdens stresu un bar\u012bbas vielu l\u012bdzsvaru, jo nelieli stresa faktori var ietekm\u0113t v\u012bna kvalit\u0101ti. Prec\u012bza ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana v\u012bna d\u0101rzos bie\u017ei izmanto defic\u012bta ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123ijas, ko vada sensori. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji uzst\u0101da augsnes mitruma sensorus vai izmanto uz augiem balst\u012btus pas\u0101kumus (piem\u0113ram, pusdienas stumbra \u016bdens potenci\u0101lu), lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu kontrol\u0113tu sausumu. Piem\u0113ram, pirms ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas vi\u0146i var \u013caut v\u012bnogul\u0101jiem iz\u017e\u016bt l\u012bdz 70% lauka ietilp\u012bbai, kas koncentr\u0113 cukurus un gar\u0161as. Apvienojum\u0101 ar GPS kart\u0113\u0161anu diferenci\u0101lo laist\u012b\u0161anu var pielietot blokiem, par kuriem zin\u0101ms, ka tie ra\u017eo zemas ra\u017eas vai augst\u0101k\u0101s kvalit\u0101tes v\u012bnogas.<\/p>\n Ar\u012b v\u012bna d\u0101rzu bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bba izmanto precizit\u0101ti: audz\u0113t\u0101ji zied\u0113\u0161anas un ve\u0123et\u0101cijas laik\u0101 uzrauga k\u0101ti\u0146u vai lapu sl\u0101pekli un attiec\u012bgi ievada sl\u0101pekli caur pilienveida l\u012bnij\u0101m. Prec\u012bza sl\u0101pek\u013ca injekcija zied\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101 nov\u0113r\u0161 p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu ve\u0123etat\u012bvo aug\u0161anu, kas var pasliktin\u0101t v\u012bnogu kvalit\u0101ti. Vien\u0101 gad\u012bjuma p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgas sl\u0101pek\u013ca injekcijas zied\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101 uzlaboja v\u012bnogu ra\u017eu, nep\u0101rm\u0113slojot miera perioda zonas. \u016adens stresu un bar\u012bbas vielu st\u0101vokli tagad bie\u017ei uzrauga, izmantojot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti; daudzspektr\u0101lie droni, kas lido ar v\u012bna d\u0101rziem, var noteikt v\u012bnogul\u0101ju aug\u0161anas sp\u0113ka at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas pa rind\u0101m. Precizit\u0101te \u013cauj v\u012bnkopjiem saska\u0146ot v\u012bnogul\u0101ju stresu ar v\u012bna stila m\u0113r\u0137iem (piem\u0113ram, augstas klases v\u012bni bie\u017ei n\u0101k no vair\u0101k stresa pak\u013cautiem, zem\u0101kas ra\u017eas v\u012bnogul\u0101jiem).<\/p>\n D\u0101rze\u0146u kult\u016bras (tom\u0101ti, sal\u0101ti, paprika utt.) ir \u013coti intens\u012bvas un t\u0101m ir \u012bsi aug\u0161anas cikli, t\u0101p\u0113c bar\u012bbas vielu pieg\u0101de ir stingri j\u0101kontrol\u0113. Siltumn\u012bcu un atkl\u0101t\u0101 lauka d\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 arvien vair\u0101k tiek izmantota pilienveida m\u0113slo\u0161ana ar piln\u012bb\u0101 automatiz\u0113tiem grafikiem. Augsnes vai substr\u0101ta mitruma sensori tiek novietoti reprezentat\u012bvo augu sak\u0146u zonas tuvum\u0101. Kad sensori konstat\u0113 augsnes mitruma samazin\u0101\u0161anos par 60\u201370%, sist\u0113ma aktiviz\u0113 gan \u016bdens, gan bar\u012bbas vielu injic\u0113\u0161anu. Tas uztur augsnes mitrumu \u0161aur\u0101 diapazon\u0101, kas ir optim\u0101ls \u0161ai kult\u016brai. Tiek nov\u0113rsts p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgs bar\u012bbas vielu daudzums; piem\u0113ram, prec\u012bza pilienveida sist\u0113ma var\u0113tu samazin\u0101t kop\u0113jo N izmanto\u0161anu par 20%, vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot ra\u017eu.<\/p>\n D\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113t\u0101ji izmanto ar\u012b rokas sensoru instrumentus. Hlorofila m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ji ir izplat\u012bti tom\u0101tiem, lai noteiktu, kad j\u0101pievieno sl\u0101peklis s\u0101nu m\u0113slojumam. Rokas EK m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ji var p\u0101rbaud\u012bt bar\u012bbas vielu koncentr\u0101ciju bezaugsnes vid\u0113. Liel\u0101kos laukos ra\u017eas monitori uz kombainiem (piem\u0113ram, kartupe\u013ciem) veido produktivit\u0101tes kartes. \u0160\u012bs kartes atgrie\u017e datus m\u0113slojuma zon\u0101s n\u0101kamajai sezonai. Gala rezult\u0101ts ir t\u0101ds, ka prec\u012bza bar\u012bbas vielu uzraudz\u012bba pal\u012bdz sasniegt nemain\u012bgu d\u0101rze\u0146u kvalit\u0101ti (izm\u0113ru, kr\u0101su, krauk\u0161\u0137\u012bgumu) un samazina lapu d\u0101rze\u0146u p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas m\u0113slo\u0161anas risku, kur nitr\u0101tu l\u012bmenis tiek regul\u0113ts.<\/p>\n Mazas ogas (zemenes, mellenes utt.) un gar\u0161augi bie\u017ei aug paaugstin\u0101t\u0101s dob\u0113s ar pilienveida ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas l\u012bnij\u0101m, kas padara t\u0101s labi piem\u0113rotas prec\u012bzai apsaimnieko\u0161anai. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji katr\u0101 dobes sekcij\u0101 izmanto mitruma zondes, lai sak\u0146u zona b\u016btu vienm\u0113r\u012bgi mitra. T\u0101 k\u0101 ogu lielums un saldums ir atkar\u012bgi no regul\u0101ras laist\u012b\u0161anas, prec\u012bza kontrole (autom\u0101tiski iesl\u0113g\u0161anas\/izsl\u0113g\u0161anas v\u0101rsti mikroap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101) nov\u0113r\u0161 gan sausuma stresu, gan p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu \u016bdens daudzumu. Piem\u0113ram, zeme\u0146u ra\u017eot\u0101ji zi\u0146o, ka prec\u012bza mitruma kontrole uzlabo ogu stingr\u012bbu un samazina slim\u012bbas, kas plaukst p\u0101r\u0101k mitr\u0101 augsn\u0113.<\/p>\n Ogu m\u0113slo\u0161ana ir intens\u012bva, jo augsne bie\u017ei vien ir margin\u0101la. Ra\u017eot\u0101ji bie\u017ei p\u0101rbauda lapu audus un var piel\u0101got bar\u012bbas vielu injic\u0113\u0161anu katru ned\u0113\u013cu. Mellen\u0113m, kur\u0101m nepiecie\u0161ama sk\u0101ba augsne, ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas \u016bdeni var pat pask\u0101bin\u0101t, izmantojot m\u0113slo\u0161anu (s\u0113rsk\u0101bes injic\u0113\u0161anu), lai uztur\u0113tu pH l\u012bmeni. Prec\u012bzas pilieno\u0161anas sist\u0113mas \u013cauj veikt \u0161o prec\u012bzu kontroli. Augstas v\u0113rt\u012bbas kult\u016br\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, grieztiem ziediem vai gar\u0161augiem, ra\u017ea un kvalit\u0101te (zieda izm\u0113rs, lapu e\u013c\u013cas saturs utt.) ir tik svar\u012bgas, ka audz\u0113t\u0101ji t\u0113r\u0113s l\u012bdzek\u013cus prec\u012bzai mikroelementu doz\u0113\u0161anai. Visos \u0161ajos gad\u012bjumos prec\u012bz\u0101 m\u0113slo\u0161ana un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana pieg\u0101d\u0101 tikai nepiecie\u0161amos m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cus katram augam, palielinot ra\u017eu un gar\u0161u, vienlaikus samazinot m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu izskalo\u0161anos.<\/p>\n Ieguld\u012bjumi prec\u012bz\u0101s m\u0113slo\u0161anas un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101s var iev\u0113rojami uzlabot saimniec\u012bbas pe\u013c\u0146u. Vistie\u0161\u0101k\u0101 ietekme ir izejvielu samazin\u0101\u0161ana. Prec\u012bz\u0101k lietojot m\u0113slojumu un \u016bdeni, lauksaimnieki izmanto tikai to, kas kult\u016braugam nepiecie\u0161ams. Nozares p\u0113t\u012bjumi (AEM dati, kas cit\u0113ti GAO) l\u0113\u0161, ka prec\u012bzie instrumenti var samazin\u0101t m\u0113slojuma pat\u0113ri\u0146u par aptuveni 8% un \u016bdens pat\u0113ri\u0146u par 5%, vienlaikus samazinot ar\u012b pestic\u012bdu un herbic\u012bdu lieto\u0161anu. \u0160ie ietaup\u012bjumi summ\u0113jas: 100 akru aug\u013cu d\u0101rzam, kas t\u0113r\u0113 $500\/akru m\u0113slojumam, 8% samazin\u0101jums ietaupa $4000 gad\u0101. \u016adens ietaup\u012bjumam ir tie\u0161as izmaksu priek\u0161roc\u012bbas, ja tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ts r\u0113\u0137ins par ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas \u016bdeni vai tiek pat\u0113r\u0113ta ener\u0123ija (piem\u0113ram, elektriskie s\u016bk\u0146i).<\/p>\n Ra\u017eas uzlabojumi ir v\u0113l viens ekonomiskais virz\u012bt\u0101jsp\u0113ks. Prec\u012bza m\u0113slo\u0161ana bie\u017ei vien palielina vid\u0113jo ra\u017eu vai kvalit\u0101tes pak\u0101pi. Piem\u0113ram, m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bga m\u0113slo\u0161ana var p\u0101rv\u0113rst margin\u0101l\u0101s zonas par produkt\u012bv\u0101m plat\u012bb\u0101m, palielinot kop\u0113jo ra\u017eu. Vien\u0101 citrusaug\u013cu izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jum\u0101, izmantojot VRT, tika konstat\u0113ts iev\u0113rojami liel\u0101ks aug\u013cu skaits. Paaugstin\u0101ta kvalit\u0101te var nodro\u0161in\u0101t augst\u0101kas cenas: specializ\u0113ti produkti ar vien\u0101du izm\u0113ru vai augst\u0101ku cukura saturu (optim\u0101la \u016bdens stresa d\u0113\u013c) var tikt p\u0101rdoti par lab\u0101k\u0101m cen\u0101m. Lai gan augst\u0101k\u0101s cenas noteik\u0161ana ir atkar\u012bga no konkr\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016bras, audz\u0113t\u0101ji bie\u017ei vien uzskata, ka papildu ie\u0146\u0113mumi attaisno ieguld\u012bjumus tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101s.<\/p>\n Ieguld\u012bjumu atdeves (ROI) anal\u012bze parasti \u0161\u0137iet labv\u0113l\u012bga prec\u012bz\u0101s ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas invest\u012bcij\u0101m. Gopala et al. p\u0101rskat\u0101 tika konstat\u0113ts, ka prec\u012bz\u0101s ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113mas bie\u017ei vien sasniedz ieguvumu un izmaksu attiec\u012bbu virs 2,5:1, atmaks\u0101joties 3\u20135 gadu laik\u0101. Samazin\u0101ti atkritumi (m\u0113slojuma un \u016bdens), k\u0101 ar\u012b ra\u017eas\/kvalit\u0101tes uzlabojumi veicina \u0161o atdevi. Apvienots ieguvumu r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js no vair\u0101kiem p\u0113t\u012bjumiem liecina, ka saimniec\u012bbas var\u0113tu nov\u0113rot ~8% pe\u013c\u0146as pieaugumu tikai efektivit\u0101tes pieauguma d\u0113\u013c.<\/p>\n Protams, faktisk\u0101 ieguld\u012bjumu atdeve ir atkar\u012bga no darb\u012bbas m\u0113roga un viet\u0113j\u0101m izejvielu cen\u0101m. Augstas v\u0113rt\u012bbas specializ\u0113taj\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101s pat neliels ra\u017eas vai izejvielu efektivit\u0101tes procentu\u0101lais pieaugums var noz\u012bm\u0113t iev\u0113rojamu absol\u016bt\u0101s pe\u013c\u0146as pieaugumu. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji bie\u017ei vispirms izm\u0113\u0123ina vienu zonu vai r\u012bku (piem\u0113ram, pievienojot main\u012bgas devas m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzekli vien\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas l\u012bnij\u0101), lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu ieguvumus pirms papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas.<\/p>\n Papildus lauksaimniec\u012bbas ekonomikai, prec\u012bzajai lauksaimniec\u012bbai ir nep\u0101rprotami ieguvumi videi. Prec\u012bza izejvielu pieg\u0101de noz\u012bm\u0113 samazin\u0101tu bar\u012bbas vielu noteci un uzlabotu \u016bdens saglab\u0101\u0161anu, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di risinot galvenos ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbas m\u0113r\u0137us. Piel\u0101gojot m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cus kult\u016braugu uz\u0146em\u0161anai, daudz maz\u0101k bar\u012bbas vielu non\u0101k \u016bdenstilp\u0113s. Piem\u0113ram, integr\u0113tas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas pieejas kukur\u016bzas josl\u0101 pan\u0101ca >20% samazin\u0101jumu nitr\u0101tu izskalo\u0161an\u0101 un >25% samazin\u0101jumu noteces sl\u0101pekl\u012b. Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba tiecas uz l\u012bdz\u012bgu ieguvumu: ja tiek izmantots par 35% maz\u0101k m\u0113slojuma (k\u0101 kukur\u016bzas piem\u0113r\u0101), var\u0113tu sagaid\u012bt proporcion\u0101lu sl\u0101pek\u013ca oks\u012bda (N\u2082O) emisiju un nitr\u0101tu pies\u0101r\u0146ojuma samazin\u0101jumu. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka glob\u0101l\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba jau tagad rada lielu da\u013cu siltumn\u012bcefekta g\u0101zu (lauksaimniec\u012bba, me\u017esaimniec\u012bba un zemes izmanto\u0161ana kop\u0101 emit\u0113 aptuveni 23% neto antropog\u0113no SEG), m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu lieto\u0161anas samazin\u0101\u0161ana tie\u0161i samazina N\u2082O un CO\u2082 ekvivalentus.<\/p>\n \u016adens taup\u012b\u0161ana ir tikpat svar\u012bga. K\u0101 min\u0113ts iepriek\u0161, prec\u012bz\u0101 ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana var samazin\u0101t lauksaimniec\u012bbas \u016bdens pat\u0113ri\u0146u par 30\u2013651 TP3T. Re\u0123ionos, kuros ir sausums vai grunts\u016bde\u0146u izs\u012bkums, \u0161\u012b atvieglojuma nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161ana ir kritiski svar\u012bga. Piem\u0113ram, \u016bdens lieto\u0161ana tikai sak\u0146u zon\u0101 (pilin\u0101\u0161ana) praktiski nov\u0113r\u0161 iztvaiko\u0161anas zudumus, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ir j\u0101ats\u016bkn\u0113 maz\u0101k \u016bdens. P\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana izraisa ar\u012b s\u0101\u013cuma palielin\u0101\u0161anos un augsnes degrad\u0101ciju; prec\u012bz\u0101s ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113mas no t\u0101 nov\u0113r\u0161, nodro\u0161inot tie\u0161i nepiecie\u0161amo \u016bdens daudzumu.<\/p>\n Atbilst\u012bba normat\u012bvajiem aktiem ir v\u0113l viens aspekts. Daudzos \u0161tatos tagad ir noteiktas bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bbas pras\u012bbas. Prec\u012bz\u0101s sist\u0113mas pal\u012bdz lauksaimniekiem iev\u0113rot \u0161os noteikumus, demonstr\u0113jot kontrol\u0113tu izmanto\u0161anu. Da\u017eas programmas (piem\u0113ram, bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bbas pl\u0101ni vai \u016bdens izmanto\u0161anas p\u0101rskati) atalgo maz\u0101ku noteci un lab\u0101ku uzskaiti \u2013 uzdevumus, ko atvieglo prec\u012bza uzraudz\u012bba. Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba ar\u012b atbilst re\u0123enerat\u012bvaj\u0101m praks\u0113m: optimiz\u0113ti resursi un lokaliz\u0113ta apstr\u0101de veicina vesel\u012bg\u0101ku augsnes biolo\u0123iju (jo mikrobu kopienas netiek \u0161ok\u0113tas ar p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu m\u0113slojumu) un \u013cauj integr\u0113t segkult\u016bras un augsekas (fiks\u0113jot to ieguvumus sensoru datos).<\/p>\n Visbeidzot, izejvielu samazin\u0101\u0161ana samazina ra\u017eo\u0161anas oglek\u013ca p\u0113das nospiedumu. Sint\u0113tisk\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca m\u0113slojuma ra\u017eo\u0161ana ir energoietilp\u012bga, t\u0101p\u0113c maz\u0101ka m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161ana noz\u012bm\u0113 maz\u0101ku fosil\u0101 kurin\u0101m\u0101 izmanto\u0161anu. Apvienojot to ar konkr\u0113tai vietai paredz\u0113tu segkult\u016bru audz\u0113\u0161anu vai kompost\u0113\u0161anu (bie\u017ei vien da\u013ca no prec\u012bzas m\u0113slo\u0161anas re\u017e\u012bmiem), var v\u0113l vair\u0101k piesaist\u012bt oglek\u013ca. Kopum\u0101 prec\u012bza m\u0113slojuma un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas p\u0101rvald\u012bba veicina ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu lauksaimniec\u012bbu, taupot \u016bdeni, samazinot pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu un siltumn\u012bcefekta g\u0101zu emisijas, vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot produktivit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n Veiksm\u012bga prec\u012bz\u0101s m\u0113slo\u0161anas un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas ievie\u0161ana s\u0101kas ar lauka main\u012bguma nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anu. Lauksaimniekiem vajadz\u0113tu kart\u0113t savu zemi (izmantojot ra\u017eas kartes, augsnes testus vai EK kartes), lai noteiktu zonas. Tas var atkl\u0101t, cik daudz at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu augl\u012bbas vai mitruma zonu past\u0101v. \u0160\u012bs zin\u0101\u0161anas nosaka, k\u0101das tehnolo\u0123ijas ieviest vispirms. Bie\u017ei vien ieteikums ir s\u0101kt ar mazumi\u0146u: ieviest prec\u012bzo ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu vai VRT vien\u0101 blok\u0101 vai vien\u0101 kult\u016braugu rind\u0101, izm\u0113r\u012bt rezult\u0101tus un p\u0113c tam papla\u0161in\u0101t.<\/p>\n Atbilsto\u0161u tehnolo\u0123iju izv\u0113le ir atkar\u012bga no kult\u016brauga un m\u0113roga. Neliels aug\u013cu d\u0101rzs var\u0113tu s\u0101kt ar da\u017e\u0101m augsnes mitruma zond\u0113m un automatiz\u0113tu pilieno\u0161anas regulatoru. Liela d\u0101rze\u0146u saimniec\u012bba var\u0113tu ieguld\u012bt l\u012bdzek\u013cus daudzdzi\u013cumu sensoru t\u012bkl\u0101 un dronu NDVI pakalpojumos. Papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas a\u0123enti vai lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123iju konsultanti var pal\u012bdz\u0113t izv\u0113l\u0113ties instrumentus, piem\u0113ram, izv\u0113loties starp tenzometriem un kapacitat\u012bvajiem sensoriem vai izv\u0113loties piem\u0113rotu m\u0113slo\u0161anas s\u016bkni.<\/p>\n Apm\u0101c\u012bba un tehniskais atbalsts ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi. Lauksaimniekiem ir j\u0101saprot, ko noz\u012bm\u0113 dati un k\u0101 ar tiem r\u012bkoties. Daudzi pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji pied\u0101v\u0101 apm\u0101c\u012bbas, un audz\u0113t\u0101ju t\u012bkli (vienaud\u017eu grupas, kooperat\u012bvi) dal\u0101s ar lab\u0101ko praksi. Vald\u012bbas programmas da\u017ek\u0101rt nodro\u0161ina dot\u0101cijas vai konsult\u0101cijas prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas ievie\u0161anai.<\/p>\n Visbeidzot, ievie\u0161ana ir iterat\u012bva. P\u0113c sensoru un sist\u0113mu uzst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas audz\u0113t\u0101jiem ir j\u0101uzrauga un j\u0101piel\u0101gojas. Sal\u012bdzinot prognoz\u0113t\u0101s reakcijas (no sensoriem) ar faktiskajiem rezult\u0101tiem (ra\u017ea, augu testi), ir iesp\u0113jams kalibr\u0113t. Ja k\u0101da zona joproj\u0101m nedarbojas pietiekami labi, taj\u0101 ievades datus var v\u0113l vair\u0101k piel\u0101got. Sezon\u0101lo datu v\u0101k\u0161ana veido atgriezenisk\u0101s saites cilpu nep\u0101rtrauktai optimiz\u0101cijai. Laika gait\u0101 sist\u0113ma k\u013c\u016bst prec\u012bz\u0101ka un sniedz maksim\u0101lu ekonomisko un vides ieguvumu.<\/p>\n Lai gan potenci\u0101ls ir liels, prec\u012bz\u0101s m\u0113slo\u0161anas un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123ijas saskaras ar vair\u0101kiem \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013ciem. Augstas s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s izmaksas<\/strong> ir b\u016btisks \u0161\u0137\u0113rslis. Sensori, kontrolieri un VRT apr\u012bkojums var b\u016bt d\u0101rgs. Piem\u0113ram, main\u012bga \u0101truma s\u016bknis vai VRI komplekts ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas iek\u0101rtai var maks\u0101t desmitiem t\u016bksto\u0161u dol\u0101ru. Daudzas specializ\u0113tas kult\u016braugu audz\u0113\u0161anas saimniec\u012bbas darbojas ar mazu pe\u013c\u0146u vai t\u0101m nav piek\u013cuves kred\u012btiem, padarot lielas invest\u012bcijas tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101s riskantas. Da\u013c\u0113ji to kompens\u0113 tehnolo\u0123iju izmaksas, kas turpina kristies (piem\u0113ram, visp\u0101r\u012bg\u0101s lietu interneta augsnes zondes tagad ir l\u0113t\u0101kas nek\u0101 pirms desmit gadiem), un var pal\u012bdz\u0113t l\u012bzinga vai izmaksu dal\u012b\u0161anas programmas.<\/p>\n Datu p\u0101rslodze un sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bba<\/strong> ir v\u0113l viens izaicin\u0101jums. Lauksaimniekiem p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i ir j\u0101interpret\u0113 skait\u013cu pl\u016bsmas no sensoriem un satel\u012btatt\u0113liem. Tas prasa laiku un prasmes, kuru daudziem, iesp\u0113jams, nav. Sare\u017e\u0123\u012btai programmat\u016brai un anal\u012btikai ir nepiecie\u0161ama vai nu apm\u0101c\u012bba, vai \u0101r\u0113jie konsultanti. Datu nepareiza interpret\u0101cija var novest pie nepareiziem l\u0113mumiem (piem\u0113ram, m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013ca lieto\u0161ana, ja sensora nob\u012bde dod nepareizus r\u0101d\u012bjumus). Labs l\u0113mumu atbalsts un lietot\u0101jam draudz\u012bgas saskarnes to mazina, ta\u010du m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s l\u012bkne saglab\u0101jas.<\/p>\n Savienojam\u012bbas probl\u0113mas lauku apvidos var ierobe\u017eot<\/strong> m\u0101kon\u012b balst\u012btu un att\u0101lin\u0101tu funkciju izmanto\u0161ana. K\u0101 nor\u0101d\u012bts vien\u0101 zi\u0146ojum\u0101, daudzos lauku laukos platjoslas internets bie\u017ei vien nav pieejams, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka datu koplieto\u0161ana re\u0101llaik\u0101 vai att\u0101lin\u0101ta vad\u012bba var neizdoties. Apgabalos bez mobilo sakaru p\u0101rkl\u0101juma bezvadu sensoru t\u012bkli var pa\u013cauties uz viet\u0113jiem datu re\u0123istr\u0113t\u0101jiem vai satel\u012btu aug\u0161upiel\u0101d\u0113m. Bez uzticama savienojuma da\u017eas precizit\u0101tes priek\u0161roc\u012bbas ir maz\u0101kas.<\/p>\n Tehnisko zin\u0101\u0161anu tr\u016bkumi<\/strong> ar\u012b l\u0113na ievie\u0161ana. Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba ir starpdisciplin\u0101ra (agronomija, in\u017eenierzin\u0101tnes, IT). Daudziem audz\u0113t\u0101jiem tr\u016bkst zin\u0101\u0161anu par to, un lauksaimniec\u012bbas konsultantiem var neb\u016bt zin\u0101\u0161anu, lai vi\u0146us vad\u012btu. Past\u0101v\u012bg\u0101s izgl\u012bt\u012bbas programmas risina \u0161o probl\u0113mu, ta\u010du pagaid\u0101m cilv\u0113ciskais faktors ir ierobe\u017eojums.<\/p>\n Visbeidzot, sensoru kalibr\u0113\u0161ana un apkope<\/strong> ir praktiski jaut\u0101jumi. Augsnes mitruma sensori ir j\u0101p\u0101rkalibr\u0113 da\u017e\u0101diem augsnes tipiem, un tie var b\u016bt j\u0101t\u012bra vai j\u0101nomaina. VRT iek\u0101rtu pl\u016bsmas m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ji un sprauslas ir regul\u0101ri j\u0101p\u0101rbauda. Apkopes nov\u0101rt\u0101 atst\u0101\u0161ana var izrais\u012bt k\u013c\u016bdainus datus un neoptim\u0101lu p\u0101rvald\u012bbu. \u0160o probl\u0113mu p\u0101rvar\u0113\u0161anai parasti ir nepiecie\u0161ams sp\u0113c\u012bgs tehniskais atbalsts un pak\u0101peniska, labi pl\u0101nota ievie\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123ija.<\/p>\n Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas joma turpina strauji att\u012bst\u012bties. M\u0101ksl\u012bgajam intelektam un ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012bbai b\u016bs liel\u0101ka loma l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101. M\u0113s sagaid\u0101m vair\u0101k m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta vad\u012btu sist\u0113mu, kas var analiz\u0113t sare\u017e\u0123\u012btus datu mode\u013cus (sensoru pl\u016bsmas, laika prognozes, satel\u012btatt\u0113lus) un prognoz\u0113t optim\u0101lus ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas vai m\u0113slo\u0161anas grafikus bez cilv\u0113ka iejauk\u0161an\u0101s. Par\u0101d\u0101s ar\u012b autonoma robotika un automatiz\u0101cija: droni vai zemes roboti dr\u012bzum\u0101 var\u0113tu autom\u0101tiski izl\u016bkot laukus, veikt punktveida smidzin\u0101\u0161anu vai lokaliz\u0113tu m\u0113slo\u0161anu, pamatojoties uz konstat\u0113to augu stresu.<\/p>\n Satel\u012btu bar\u012bbas vielu diagnostika uzlabojas. Hiperspektr\u0101lie satel\u012bti un bezmaksas att\u0113li (Sentinel, Landsat) dr\u012bzum\u0101 var\u0113tu nodro\u0161in\u0101t pieejamas kartes par kult\u016braugu bar\u012bbas vielu defic\u012btu vis\u0101 saimniec\u012bb\u0101. Apvienojum\u0101 ar uz zemes eso\u0161ajiem sensoriem tas sniegs nep\u0101rsp\u0113jami detaliz\u0113tu inform\u0101ciju par kult\u016braugu vajadz\u012bb\u0101m re\u0101llaik\u0101. L\u012bdz\u012bgi arvien izplat\u012bt\u0101ka k\u013c\u016bs augu stresa noteik\u0161ana re\u0101llaik\u0101 (izmantojot termisko vai multispektr\u0101lo att\u0113lveido\u0161anu), lai \u016bdens un bar\u012bbas vielu defic\u012bts tiktu paman\u012bts pirms simptomu par\u0101d\u012b\u0161an\u0101s.<\/p>\n V\u0113l viena robe\u017ea ir integr\u0101cija ar notur\u012bbu pret klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146\u0101m. Prec\u012bz\u0101s sist\u0113mas arvien vair\u0101k iek\u013caus ilgtermi\u0146a klimata prognozes (sausumu vai karstuma vi\u013c\u0146us) ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas un m\u0113slo\u0161anas pl\u0101nos. Specializ\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m, kas ir jut\u012bgas pret klimata gal\u0113j\u012bb\u0101m, iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161a noz\u012bme b\u016bs sp\u0113jai adapt\u012bvi p\u0101rvald\u012bt \u016bdeni un bar\u012bbas vielas, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 main\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n Kopum\u0101 tendence ir arvien vied\u0101ku, autonom\u0101ku p\u0101rvald\u012bbas r\u012bku virzien\u0101, kas \u013cauj specializ\u0113to kult\u016braugu audz\u0113t\u0101jiem paredz\u0113t, nevis rea\u0123\u0113t. Sensoriem, m\u0101ksl\u012bgajam intelektam un robotikai att\u012bstoties, piln\u012bb\u0101 automatiz\u0113ta, optimiz\u0113ta m\u0113slojuma un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas v\u012bzija, kas piel\u0101gota katram kokam vai augam, tuvojas realit\u0101tei. Audz\u0113t\u0101ji, kas laikus pie\u0146ems \u0161\u012bs tendences, b\u016bs vislab\u0101kaj\u0101 poz\u012bcij\u0101 ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgai un ienes\u012bgai ra\u017eo\u0161anai main\u012bg\u0101 klimat\u0101.<\/p>\n Specializ\u0113to kult\u016braugu audz\u0113\u0161anai ir nepiecie\u0161ama gan augsta produktivit\u0101te, gan resursu efektivit\u0101te. Datu vad\u012btu prec\u012bzu meto\u017eu izmanto\u0161ana \u2013 s\u0101kot no augsnes un augu sensoriem l\u012bdz GPS vad\u012btiem aplikatoriem \u2013 ir galvenais, lai optimiz\u0113tu m\u0113slojumu un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu specializ\u0113taj\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m, izmantojot prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123ijas. Piel\u0101gojot bar\u012bbas vielu un \u016bdens pieg\u0101di katras kult\u016bras un lauka zonas \u012bpa\u0161aj\u0101m vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, audz\u0113t\u0101ji var iev\u0113rojami samazin\u0101t d\u0101rgu izejvielu iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u0113\u0161anu un aizsarg\u0101t vidi. Vienlaikus uzlabojas ra\u017ea un produktu kvalit\u0101te, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di palielinot ie\u0146\u0113mumus. Ekonomiskie stimuli ir skaidri \u2013 p\u0113t\u012bjumi zi\u0146o par divciparu ra\u017eas pieaugumu un resursu ietaup\u012bjumu (piem\u0113ram, \u016bdens ietaup\u012bjums l\u012bdz pat 65% un pe\u013c\u0146as pieaugums aptuveni 8%). Ilgtermi\u0146\u0101 prec\u012bz\u0101 m\u0113slo\u0161ana un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161ana palielina saimniec\u012bbu notur\u012bbu un ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbu: t\u0101s samazina bar\u012bbas vielu noteci par 20\u201325% vai vair\u0101k, taupa v\u0113rt\u012bgo sald\u016bdeni un samazina siltumn\u012bcefekta g\u0101zu emisijas, izvairoties no p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga m\u0113slojuma.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016bras, tostarp aug\u013ci, d\u0101rze\u0146i, rieksti, gar\u0161augi un dekorat\u012bvie augi, ir augstv\u0113rt\u012bgi produkti, kuru kvalit\u0101te un ra\u017ea ir \u013coti atkar\u012bga no prec\u012bzas \u016bdens un bar\u012bbas vielu\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210249433,"featured_media":13055,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1657],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-precision-farming"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nB. Uz augiem balst\u012bta uzraudz\u012bba<\/h3>\n
C. GPS un \u0122IS integr\u0101cija<\/h3>\n
Prec\u012bzas ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123ijas specializ\u0113t\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m<\/h2>\n
A. Augsnes mitruma monitorings<\/h3>\n
B. Klimatam atbilsto\u0161a ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161ana<\/h3>\n
C. Vied\u0101s ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas sist\u0113mas<\/h3>\n
M\u0113slo\u0161anas integr\u0113\u0161ana prec\u012bz\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s<\/h2>\n
Datu p\u0101rvald\u012bbas un l\u0113mumu atbalsta sist\u0113mas<\/h2>\n
Kult\u016braugiem specifiski pielietojumi<\/h2>\n
A. Aug\u013cu koki un aug\u013cu d\u0101rzi<\/h3>\n
B. V\u012bna d\u0101rzi<\/h3>\n
C. D\u0101rze\u0146i<\/h3>\n
D. Ogas un augstv\u0113rt\u012bgas specializ\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016bras<\/h3>\n
Ekonomiskie ieguvumi un ieguld\u012bjumu atdeve<\/h2>\n
Ietekme uz vidi un ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbu<\/h2>\n
Ievie\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123ija audz\u0113t\u0101jiem<\/h2>\n
Bie\u017ei sastopamas probl\u0113mas un ierobe\u017eojumi<\/h2>\n
N\u0101kotnes tendences prec\u012bz\u0101s m\u0113slo\u0161anas un ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas jom\u0101<\/h2>\n
Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n