{"id":12090,"date":"2025-08-31T20:44:19","date_gmt":"2025-08-31T18:44:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=12090"},"modified":"2025-08-31T20:44:19","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T18:44:19","slug":"salikto-augsnes-paraugu-nemsanas-loma-precizaja-lauksaimnieciba-un-talizpete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/composite-soil-sampling-role-of-precision-agriculture-and-remote-sensing\/","title":{"rendered":"Saliekam\u0101s augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana un prec\u012bzijas lauksaimniec\u012bbas un t\u0101lizp\u0113tes loma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Salikta augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana noz\u012bm\u0113 daudzu mazu augsnes serde\u0146u \u0146em\u0161anu no lauka un to sajauk\u0161anu vien\u0101 paraug\u0101. \u0160is viens saliktais paraugs sniedz vid\u0113j\u0101s augsnes testa v\u0113rt\u012bbas (bar\u012bbas vielas, pH utt.) visai \u0161ai plat\u012bbai. Tradicion\u0101li lauksaimnieki ir izmantoju\u0161i salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, lai noteiktu vien\u0101das m\u0113slojuma vai ka\u013c\u0137a devas visam laukam.<\/p>\n

Jaun\u0101kie sasniegumi prec\u012bzaj\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 (TA) un t\u0101lizp\u0113t\u0113 (TS) maina augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas veidu. M\u016bsdienu r\u012bki (GPS vad\u0101mas iek\u0101rtas, satel\u012btu\/dronu att\u0113li, ra\u017eas kartes un augsnes sensori) \u013cauj lauksaimniekiem "redz\u0113t" at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas lauk\u0101 un izveidot piel\u0101got\u0101kas paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas zonas.<\/p>\n

PA mudina izmantot principu \u201cviens lauks \u2013 viens paraugs\u201d, nevis \u201cdaudzas zonas \u2013 daudz paraugu\u201d, katram atsevi\u0161\u0137i apr\u0113\u0137inot vid\u0113jo v\u0113rt\u012bbu. \u012as\u0101k sakot, salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana joproj\u0101m ir svar\u012bga augsnes test\u0113\u0161anas sast\u0101vda\u013ca, ta\u010du PA\/RS dati pal\u012bdz noteikt, kur \u0161ie saliktie paraugi j\u0101\u0146em un k\u0101 tiek izmantoti to rezult\u0101ti. Piem\u0113ram, 68% lielu ASV kult\u016braugu saimniec\u012bbu tagad izmanto ra\u017eas monitorus vai augsnes kart\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bkus, kas atspogu\u013co to, cik izplat\u012bti ir k\u013cuvu\u0161i prec\u012bzi dati.<\/p>\n

Kas ir kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101la augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana?<\/h2>\n

Salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana apvieno apak\u0161paraugus no daudz\u0101m viet\u0101m vien\u0101 jaukt\u0101 paraug\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, lai pa\u0146emtu paraugu no 10 akru zonas, var \u0146emt 15\u201320 mazus serde\u0146us (katrs da\u017eus collas dzi\u013c\u0161) da\u017e\u0101dos punktos, tos sajaukt un nos\u016bt\u012bt mais\u012bjumu uz laboratoriju. Laboratorija analiz\u0113 \u0161o vienu salikto augsni, lai ieg\u016btu vid\u0113jo testa v\u0113rt\u012bbu visai zonai.<\/p>\n

\"Kas<\/p>\n

Tas ir pretstat\u0101 diskr\u0113tiem (atsevi\u0161\u0137iem) paraugiem, kur katrs kodols tiek test\u0113ts atsevi\u0161\u0137i. Salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu bie\u017ei veic, ja plat\u012bba \u0161\u0137iet diezgan vienveid\u012bga un ir nepiecie\u0161ams noteikt visp\u0101r\u0113ju augl\u012bbas l\u012bmeni. ASV vair\u0101k nek\u0101 70% komerci\u0101lo saimniec\u012bbu zi\u0146o, ka izmanto k\u0101du augsnes test\u0113\u0161anas veidu, un salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana joproj\u0101m ir visizplat\u012bt\u0101k\u0101 un izmaksu zi\u0146\u0101 efekt\u012bv\u0101k\u0101 metode.<\/p>\n

Augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas bi\u013ceten\u0101 ir paskaidrots: \u201cAugsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana s\u0101kas ar reprezentat\u012bvu augsnes paraugu\u201d. \u0160is rezult\u0101ts nosaka apsaimnieko\u0161anu (m\u0113slojums, ka\u013c\u0137is utt.) vis\u0101 teritorij\u0101. Ja apst\u0101k\u013ci patie\u0161\u0101m ir vien\u0101di, var pietikt ar vienu augsnes paraugu uz katriem 10\u201315 akriem. Tom\u0113r tas pie\u0146em, ka visas zonas da\u013cas ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas. Tom\u0113r prec\u012bzijas r\u012bki pal\u012bdz noteikt, kur \u0161is pie\u0146\u0113mums ir pamatots un kur tas nav pamatots.<\/p>\n

Kad saliktie paraugi tiek \u0146emti prec\u012bzi noteikt\u0101s apsaimnieko\u0161anas zon\u0101s, tie \u013cauj pie\u0146emt lab\u0101kus l\u0113mumus. Piem\u0113ram, t\u0101 viet\u0101, lai visam 100 akru laukam piem\u0113rotu vienu m\u0113slojuma devu (pamatojoties uz vienu salikto devu), lauksaimnieks var piem\u0113rot vienu devu lauka aug\u0161\u0113jai tre\u0161da\u013cai, citu devu vid\u0113jai tre\u0161da\u013cai un citu devu apak\u0161\u0113jai tre\u0161da\u013cai, katru vadoties p\u0113c \u0161\u012bs zonas augsnes testa. \u0160\u012b m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bg\u0101 pieeja var palielin\u0101t ra\u017eu vai ietaup\u012bt m\u0113slojumu (un samazin\u0101t noteci).<\/p>\n

Salikt\u0101s izlases priek\u0161roc\u012bbas<\/h2>\n

Kop\u0161 2020.\u00a0gada m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu cenas pasaul\u0113 ir pieaugu\u0161as par gandr\u012bz 801\u00a0TP3\u00a0T, mudinot lauksaimniekus ieviest izmaksu zi\u0146\u0101 efekt\u012bv\u0101kas augsnes test\u0113\u0161anas metodes. Salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana pal\u012bdz samazin\u0101t test\u0113\u0161anas izmaksas, vienlaikus sniedzot v\u0113rt\u012bgu ieskatu. Nesen veikts ASV p\u0113t\u012bjums liecina, ka vair\u0101k nek\u0101 601\u00a0TP3\u00a0T vid\u0113ja lieluma saimniec\u012bbu k\u0101 galveno augl\u012bbas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas r\u012bku izmanto salikto augsnes test\u0113\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

1. Izmaksu zi\u0146\u0101 efekt\u012bvs:<\/strong> Nepiecie\u0161ams maz\u0101k laboratorijas testu, sal\u012bdzinot ar test\u0113\u0161anu katr\u0101 atra\u0161an\u0101s viet\u0101. Viens kompoz\u012bts aizst\u0101j daudzus atsevi\u0161\u0137us testus, ietaupot naudu anal\u012bz\u0113m.<\/p>\n

2. Laika zi\u0146\u0101 efekt\u012bvs:<\/strong> Viena jaukta parauga sav\u0101k\u0161ana un apstr\u0101de ir \u0101tr\u0101ka nek\u0101 desmitiem atsevi\u0161\u0137u paraugu. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka augsnes p\u0101rbaudes var veikt \u0101tr\u0101k un bie\u017e\u0101k.<\/p>\n

3. Vienk\u0101r\u0161\u012bba:<\/strong> Salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161ama maz\u0101ka pl\u0101no\u0161ana un datu p\u0101rvald\u012bba. Piem\u0113ram, lieliem z\u0101l\u0101jiem, gan\u012bb\u0101m vai laukiem ar vienm\u0113r\u012bgu kult\u016braugu s\u0113jumu bie\u017ei tiek izmantoti vienk\u0101r\u0161i protokoli \u201cviena plat\u012bba \u2013 viens paraugs\u201d.<\/p>\n

4. Piem\u0113rots vien\u0101d\u0101m zon\u0101m:<\/strong> Ja zon\u0101 ir patiesi vienm\u0113r\u012bga augsne un apsaimnieko\u0161ana, salikums sniedz ticamu vid\u0113jo augl\u012bbu. Daudz\u0101s papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas rokasgr\u0101mat\u0101s ir nor\u0101d\u012bts, ka viens salikums var labi raksturot "sam\u0113r\u0101 vienm\u0113r\u012bgu plat\u012bbu" l\u012bdz 10\u201315 akriem.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs priek\u0161roc\u012bbas ir padar\u012bju\u0161as salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu par izplat\u012btu praksi. K\u0101ds kult\u016braugu konsultants nor\u0101da, ka GPS re\u017e\u0123a paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana (izmantojot daudzus punktus) ir detaliz\u0113t\u0101ka un d\u0101rg\u0101ka, savuk\u0101rt salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana "ietver augsnes sajauk\u0161anu no da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m viet\u0101m... lai izveidotu vienu paraugu", kas ir vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101k. Vienveid\u012bgos laukos (vai z\u0101l\u0101jos, d\u0101rzos un p\u0113tniec\u012bbas lauci\u0146os) saliktie testi ir praktisks veids, k\u0101 izsekot bar\u012bbas viel\u0101m un pH l\u012bmenim ar m\u0113ren\u0101m izmaks\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Salikt\u0101s izlases ierobe\u017eojumi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

S\u0101kot ar 2025.\u00a0gadu, p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka gandr\u012bz 451\u00a0TP3T no lauksaimniec\u012bbas lauku paraugiem uzr\u0101da pietiekamu telpisko main\u012bgumu, ka salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana sl\u0113pj kritisk\u0101s bar\u012bbas vielu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas, padarot prec\u012bzu zonu paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu b\u016btisku. Jaun\u0101kie dati ar\u012b atkl\u0101j 121\u00a0TP3T pieaugumu neatkl\u0101tu pies\u0101r\u0146ojuma gad\u012bjumu skait\u0101, izmantojot salikt\u0101s metodes main\u012bg\u0101s augsn\u0113s. Neskatoties uz t\u0101s \u0113rt\u012bbu, saliktajai paraugu \u0146em\u0161anai ir b\u016btiski tr\u016bkumi:<\/p>\n

a. Masku main\u012bgums:<\/strong> Apr\u0113\u0137inot daudzu punktu vid\u0113jo v\u0113rt\u012bbu, kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101li sl\u0113pj \u201ckarstos punktus\u201d un \u201caukstos punktus\u201d. Piem\u0113ram, apgabals ar \u013coti augstu fosfora l\u012bmeni vai st\u016bris ar zemu pH l\u012bmeni tiks at\u0161\u0137aid\u012bts l\u012bdz vid\u0113jam r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jam. Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas emu\u0101r\u0101 tiek br\u012bdin\u0101ts, ka da\u017e\u0101du vietu kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101lu sajauk\u0161ana \u201cvar mask\u0113t augsnes bar\u012bbas vielu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas\u201d. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, tiek zaud\u0113ta inform\u0101cija par to, kur augsne ir lab\u0101ka vai slikt\u0101ka par vid\u0113jo.<\/p>\n

\"Salikt\u0101s<\/p>\n

b. Nav paredz\u0113ts neliel\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m:<\/strong> Ja ir aizdomas par lokaliz\u0113tu probl\u0113mu, kombin\u0113tie paraugi nav piem\u0113rota izv\u0113le. Piem\u0113ram, ja konkr\u0113t\u0101 viet\u0101 ir notikusi pestic\u012bdu nopl\u016bde vai izteikta augu aug\u0161anas aizkav\u0113\u0161an\u0101s, viens kombin\u0113tais paraugs vis\u0101 lauk\u0101 to, iesp\u0113jams, neatkl\u0101s. \u0160\u012b probl\u0113mzona tiks sajaukta ar daudz\u0101m norm\u0101l\u0101m viet\u0101m. Papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas pedagogi nep\u0101rprotami br\u012bdina, ka visa lauka (visp\u0101r\u0113jie) paraugi nav ieteicami laukiem ar main\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n

c. At\u0161\u0137aid\u012b\u0161an\u0101s risks:<\/strong> Ja neliela apak\u0161zona ir pies\u0101r\u0146ota vai \u013coti bag\u0101tin\u0101ta, t\u0101s sign\u0101ls var b\u016bt at\u0161\u0137aid\u012bts zem noteik\u0161anas l\u012bme\u0146a. To sauc par "nenosak\u0101m\u0101 vid\u0113j\u0101" probl\u0113mu: da\u017ei serde\u0146i no pies\u0101r\u0146otas vietas var pazust kop\u0113j\u0101 paraug\u0101. T\u0101p\u0113c vides apdraud\u0113juma izmekl\u0113\u0161an\u0101 bie\u017ei vien izvair\u0101s no saliktas paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas, ja vien t\u0101 netiek apvienota ar atsevi\u0161\u0137u serde\u0146u atk\u0101rtotu test\u0113\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

d. Vienveid\u012bga attieksme, neskatoties uz at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m:<\/strong> Salikt\u0101 testa rezult\u0101t\u0101 tiek sniegts viens ieteikums visai zonai. Tas var noz\u012bm\u0113t p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu jau t\u0101 bag\u0101t\u012bg\u0101s viet\u0101s un nepietiekamu m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu viet\u0101s, kur augsne bija nabadz\u012bg\u0101ka. Laika gait\u0101 \u0161\u012b neefektivit\u0101te var iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u0113t resursus un naudu. K\u0101 nor\u0101d\u012bts vien\u0101 prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas emu\u0101r\u0101, salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana \u201claika gait\u0101 var rad\u012bt neefektivit\u0101ti un augst\u0101kas izmaksas\u201d, jo tai tr\u016bkst detaliz\u0113tas inform\u0101cijas, kas nepiecie\u0161ama prec\u012bzai p\u0101rvald\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

Salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana vislab\u0101k ir apgabalos, kas ir zin\u0101mi k\u0101 diezgan viendab\u012bgi. Tom\u0113r laukos, kuros ir \u013coti main\u012bgi apst\u0101k\u013ci, t\u0101s vid\u0113jo\u0161anas raksturs var izrais\u012bt nevienm\u0113r\u012bgu kult\u016braugu reakciju, zem\u0101ku efektivit\u0101ti un vides probl\u0113mas (bar\u012bbas vielu noteci).<\/p>\n

Paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161ana: zonas un r\u012bki<\/h2>\n

S\u0101kot ar 2025.\u00a0gada vidu, m\u016bsdienu augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas pieejas iesaka sav\u0101kt 15\u201320 apak\u0161paraugus katr\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas zon\u0101, katram saliktajam paraugam ide\u0101l\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 p\u0101rst\u0101vot \u2264 2,5\u00a0akrus laukos ar augstu main\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n

Da\u017ei prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas re\u017e\u0123i tagad iesaka 1 paraugu uz akru, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu ilgtermi\u0146a kart\u0113\u0161anas precizit\u0101ti, izmantojot mobil\u0101s robotiz\u0113t\u0101s sist\u0113mas, kas sp\u0113j ieg\u016bt 50 g augsnes paraugus 200 mm dzi\u013cum\u0101, analiz\u0113jot tos ~10 min\u016bt\u0113s, lai ieg\u016btu re\u0101llaika bar\u012bbas vielu un pH datus. Pirms do\u0161an\u0101s uz lauku r\u016bp\u012bgi izpl\u0101nojiet, kur un k\u0101 \u0146emsiet paraugus. Galvenie so\u013ci ir \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n

1. Defin\u0113jiet paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas zonas:<\/strong> Sadaliet lauku da\u013c\u0101s, kur\u0101s augsne un v\u0113sture ir l\u012bdz\u012bga. Izmantojiet inform\u0101ciju par augsnes tipu, iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m augsek\u0101m, topogr\u0101fiju un apsaimnieko\u0161anu. Piem\u0113ram, ja da\u013ca lauka agr\u0101k tika intens\u012bvi ka\u013c\u0137ota vai m\u0113slota, \u0161\u012b plat\u012bba ir j\u0101p\u0101rbauda atsevi\u0161\u0137i.<\/p>\n

Daudz\u0101s vadl\u012bnij\u0101s ieteicams pirms paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas uzz\u012bm\u0113t vien\u0101du plat\u012bbu karti. Katr\u0101 zon\u0101 tiks \u0146emts viens salikums. Ja lauks ir patiesi vien\u0101ds, viens salikums var aptvert l\u012bdz pat 10\u201315 akriem; ja n\u0113, to sadaliet. Ar\u012b m\u016bsdien\u012bgi r\u012bki var pal\u012bdz\u0113t noteikt zonas: \u0122IS augsnes apsekojumi, ra\u017eas kartes un aerofotoatt\u0113li bie\u017ei vien atkl\u0101j dabiskus lauku dal\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n

2. Kad sadal\u012bt zonas:<\/strong> Apsveriet atsevi\u0161\u0137us kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101lu paraugus, ja redzat skaidras at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas augsnes kr\u0101s\u0101, sl\u012bpum\u0101 vai apsaimnieko\u0161an\u0101. Tipiski piem\u0113ri: zema vieta sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar kalna virsotni; lauka st\u016bris ar at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anu; vai bijus\u012b k\u016bts sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar p\u0101r\u0113jo lauku. Sadaliet ar\u012b pa kult\u016braugu zon\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, ja da\u013c\u0101 augsnes esat iest\u0101d\u012bjis kukur\u016bzu, bet cit\u0101 \u2013 soju. B\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 sajauciet tikai tos augsnes kodolus, kas pieder pie vienas un t\u0101s pa\u0161as visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s vides.<\/p>\n

\"Paraugu<\/p>\n

3. Izlases vien\u012bbas lielums:<\/strong> Papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas avoti sniedz vadl\u012bnijas par salikto zonu lielumu. MSU iesaka, lai katrs saliktais paraugs p\u0101rst\u0101v\u0113tu ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 ~10\u201315 akrus vien\u0101dos laukos. Aiovas \u0161tata universit\u0101te nor\u0101da, ka vien\u0101dam zonas paraugam j\u0101aptver ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 aptuveni 10 akri. Ja jums ir aizdomas, ka augsne ir main\u012bga, pl\u0101nojiet maz\u0101kas zonas (piem\u0113ram, katru 2\u20135 akru lielu), lai kop\u0101 tiktu apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tas maz\u0101k at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

4. Instrumenti un apr\u012bkojums:<\/strong> Sagatavojiet t\u012brus, gatavus instrumentus. Lai ieg\u016btu vienm\u0113r\u012bgu dzi\u013cuma serde\u0146us, priek\u0161roka dodama augsnes zondei vai urbjma\u0161\u012bnai. (\u013boti akme\u0146ainos laukos skr\u016bv\u0113jama urbjma\u0161\u012bna var darboties lab\u0101k nek\u0101 spiedzonde.) Sagatavojiet ar\u012b t\u012bru spaini (vislab\u0101k ir izmantot plastmasu, \u012bpa\u0161i, ja test\u0113jat mikroelementus), asu, t\u012bru l\u0101pstu vai \u0137elli un daudz paraugu maisi\u0146u vai kastu ar eti\u0137et\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Pa\u0146emiet l\u012bdzi eti\u0137etes, \u016bdensnecaurlaid\u012bgu mar\u0137ieri vai pildspalvu un (p\u0113c izv\u0113les) GPS vai lauka karti, lai atz\u012bm\u0113tu paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas vietas. T\u012br\u012bba ir svar\u012bga: p\u0101rvietojoties starp laukiem, berziet vai noskalojiet instrumentus, lai izvair\u012btos no savstarp\u0113jas pies\u0101r\u0146o\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

Iepriek\u0161\u0113js pl\u0101ns (zonu karte un paraugu skaits) padara darbu efekt\u012bvu. Piem\u0113ram, j\u016bs var\u0113tu izlemt \u0146emt vienu kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101lu paraugu uz katriem 10 akru (apm\u0113ram 10 akru) zonu katr\u0101 lauka st\u016br\u012b.<\/p>\n

Daudzi lauksaimnieki izmanto GPS ier\u012bces vai viedt\u0101lru\u0146us, lai atz\u012bm\u0113tu paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas vietas, kas pal\u012bdz n\u0101kotn\u0113 veikt paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu. M\u016bsdien\u012bgi prec\u012bzi r\u012bki (piem\u0113ram, viedt\u0101lru\u0146u lietotnes) var pat vad\u012bt paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu p\u0113c raksta vai re\u017e\u0123a. Ta\u010du pat bez tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m vienk\u0101r\u0161a zigzaga vai W veida pastaiga cauri katrai zonai darbojas labi.<\/p>\n

Salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas proced\u016bra (soli pa solim)<\/h2>\n

Augsnes test\u0113\u0161ana, izmantojot kombin\u0113to paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, joproj\u0101m ir prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas pamats. Glob\u0101li p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka standartiz\u0113tas kombin\u0113t\u0101s paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas izmanto\u0161ana var samazin\u0101t bar\u012bbas vielu nepareizu izmanto\u0161anu par 20\u201330%, uzlabot m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu efektivit\u0101ti un palielin\u0101t ra\u017eu vid\u0113ji par 5\u201315%.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bbas darb\u012bb\u0101s tiek izmantoti digit\u0101lie r\u012bki, salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana joproj\u0101m ir kritiski svar\u012bgs pirmais solis uzticamu laboratorijas datu ieg\u016b\u0161an\u0101 bar\u012bbas vielu ieteikumu snieg\u0161anai. Kad zonas ir defin\u0113tas un r\u012bki ir sagatavoti, iev\u0113rojiet konsekventu proced\u016bru. Pamata so\u013ci ir: modelis, dzi\u013cums, sav\u0101k\u0161ana, sajauk\u0161ana, apak\u0161paraugs, mar\u0137\u0113\u0161ana. Katrs solis nodro\u0161ina, ka saliktais paraugs ir patiesi reprezentat\u012bvs:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0darb\u012bba. Izv\u0113lieties izlases modeli<\/h3>\n

Augsnes main\u012bba viena lauka ietvaros var b\u016bt iev\u0113rojama \u2014 nesen veikti p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka bar\u012bbas vielu l\u012bmenis var at\u0161\u0137irties l\u012bdz pat 40% vien\u0101 un taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 10 akru zon\u0101. T\u0101p\u0113c efekt\u012bva paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas mode\u013ca izv\u0113le ir b\u016btiska precizit\u0101tes nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

Lai izvair\u012btos no neobjektivit\u0101tes, apak\u0161paraugi zon\u0101 j\u0101v\u0101c nejau\u0161i vai sistem\u0101tiski. Viena vienk\u0101r\u0161a metode ir zigzaga jeb W veida kust\u012bba: p\u0101rvietojieties pa teritoriju zigzaga veid\u0101, apst\u0101joties aptuveni vien\u0101dos interv\u0101los, lai pa\u0146emtu paraugu. Tas parasti vienm\u0113r\u012bgi uztver main\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n

Lieliem laukiem varat p\u0101rkl\u0101t re\u017e\u0123i (piem\u0113ram, 2\u20133 akru kvadr\u0101tus) un \u0146emt paraugus katr\u0101 re\u017e\u0123a punkt\u0101; \u0161\u012b ir klasisk\u0101 re\u017e\u0123a izlases metode. Alternat\u012bvi varat izmantot ra\u017eas karti vai NDVI karti, lai identific\u0113tu augstas\/vid\u0113jas\/zemas produktivit\u0101tes apgabalus (apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonas) un \u0146emt paraugus no katras atsevi\u0161\u0137i. Praks\u0113 m\u0113r\u0137is ir piln\u012bgs p\u0101rkl\u0101jums bez p\u0101rkl\u0101\u0161an\u0101s vai klasteriz\u0101cijas, lai katrai zonas da\u013cai b\u016btu iesp\u0113ja dot savu ieguld\u012bjumu.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0darb\u012bba. Paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas dzi\u013cuma noteik\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

Augsnes dzi\u013cums ietekm\u0113 bar\u012bbas vielu pieejam\u012bbu \u2014 p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka vair\u0101k nek\u0101 70% augiem pieejam\u0101 fosfora un k\u0101lija ir koncentr\u0113ta augsnes virsk\u0101rt\u0101 6 collas (15 cm). Dzi\u013c\u0101kajos sl\u0101\u0146os ir mobil\u0101s bar\u012bbas vielas, piem\u0113ram, nitr\u0101tu sl\u0101peklis, kas izskalojas viegl\u0101k.<\/p>\n

Visus apak\u0161paraugus \u0146emiet vien\u0101d\u0101 dzi\u013cum\u0101, jo tas ietekm\u0113 testa rezult\u0101tus. Liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai rindu kult\u016bru (kukur\u016bzai, sojas pup\u0101m, kvie\u0161iem) standarta dzi\u013cums ir aptuveni 6 collas (0\u20136 collas jeb 0\u201315 cm), kas atbilst vietai, kur atrodas liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca sak\u0146u un bar\u012bbas vielu. Daudzgad\u012bg\u0101m gan\u012bb\u0101m, z\u0101l\u0101jiem vai seklsak\u0146u kult\u016br\u0101m tipisks ir ar\u012b 6 collu dzi\u013cums.<\/p>\n

Bezapstr\u0101des laukos da\u017ei eksperti iesaka 20 cm dzi\u013cu paraugu, jo atliekas pal\u0113nina iek\u013c\u016b\u0161anu augsn\u0113. Ja test\u0113jat kust\u012bgas bar\u012bbas vielas (\u012bpa\u0161i nitr\u0101tu sl\u0101pekli vai s\u0101li), \u0146emiet papildu dzi\u013c\u0101ku paraugu no 15\u201361 cm (divi sl\u0101\u0146i: 0\u201315 cm un 15\u201361 cm). Vienm\u0113r izvairieties no bedr\u0113m vai grav\u0101m \u2013 \u0146emiet paraugu no arkla sl\u0101\u0146a vai augsnes virsk\u0101rtas.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0solis: apak\u0161paraugu (kodolu) sav\u0101k\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar jaun\u0101kajiem agronomijas p\u0113t\u012bjumiem, vid\u0113ji 15\u201320 kodoli uz vienu salikto paraugu samazina paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bdu par 90%, sal\u012bdzinot ar tikai 5 kodoliem. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c apak\u0161paraugu skaits ir kritiski svar\u012bgs precizit\u0101tes nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

Izmantojot augsnes zondi (vai urbi), katr\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas viet\u0101 pa\u0146emiet vienu serdi vai \u0161\u0137\u0113li. Ievietojiet zondi vertik\u0101li un izvelciet augsnes serdi izv\u0113l\u0113taj\u0101 dzi\u013cum\u0101. Ievietojiet katru serdi t\u012br\u0101 spain\u012b. Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca vadl\u012bniju iesaka 15\u201325 serdes no katras kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101la da\u013cas, lai ieg\u016btu labu vid\u0113jo v\u0113rt\u012bbu. Aiovas \u0161tata universit\u0101te iesaka 10\u201315 serdes, savuk\u0101rt Mi\u010diganas \u0161tata universit\u0101te atkl\u0101ja, ka 20 serdes dod konsekventus rezult\u0101tus.<\/p>\n

\"Salikto<\/p>\n

Praks\u0113 parasti tiek \u0146emti 15\u201320 kodoli. Izvietojiet kodolus vienm\u0113r\u012bgi (piem\u0113ram, 1 uz 0,5\u20131 akru 10 akru zon\u0101) vai iev\u0113rojiet izv\u0113l\u0113to sh\u0113mu. Sav\u0101ciet visus kodolus no visas zonas \u2013 piem\u0113ram, rindas vidus un starp rind\u0101m, ja tiek st\u0101d\u012bti kult\u016braugi, un no da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m zonas da\u013c\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Ja viens kodols izskat\u0101s \u013coti at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi (piem\u0113ram, daudz tum\u0161\u0101ks vai grantsains), varat to izmest un pa\u0146emt citu, lai kompoz\u012bts netiktu sa\u0161\u0137iebts. Lai izvair\u012btos no savstarp\u0113jas pies\u0101r\u0146o\u0161anas, valk\u0101jiet vienreiz\u0113j\u0101s lieto\u0161anas cimdus vai noskalojiet zondi, p\u0101rvietojoties starp zon\u0101m.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0solis: Izveidojiet kompoz\u012btu<\/h3>\n

Mais\u012b\u0161ana ir \u013coti svar\u012bga: p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka nepareiza sajauk\u0161ana var izrais\u012bt l\u012bdz pat 25% vari\u0101cijai laboratorijas rezult\u0101tos<\/strong>, pat tad, ja paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana tika veikta pareizi.<\/p>\n

Izberiet visus apak\u0161paraugus no spai\u0146a uz t\u012bras brezenta vai spain\u012b un sadaliet tos. R\u016bp\u012bgi samaisiet, l\u012bdz augsne ir viendab\u012bga. Mais\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101 no\u0146emiet visus akme\u0146us, saknes vai gru\u017eus. \u0160is solis ir svar\u012bgs: tas nodro\u0161ina, ka gal\u012bgais saliktais paraugs ir patiesi reprezentat\u012bvs.<\/p>\n

Ja augsne ir \u013coti mitra vai m\u0101laina, iesp\u0113jams, t\u0101 vispirms b\u016bs da\u013c\u0113ji j\u0101iz\u017e\u0101v\u0113 gais\u0101 (slapji kunku\u013ci labi nesajaucas), ta\u010du dariet to uzman\u012bgi. Turpiniet mais\u012bt, l\u012bdz ieg\u016bstat vienu sajauktu augsnes kaudzi vai spaini.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0solis: sagatavojiet gal\u012bgo paraugu<\/h3>\n

Liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai augsnes laboratoriju ir nepiecie\u0161ams apm\u0113ram 1 pinte (0,5\u20131 kg) augsnes<\/strong> \u2014 vair\u0101k nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161ana neuzlabo rezult\u0101tus, bet palielina apstr\u0101des k\u013c\u016bdas.<\/p>\n

No labi samais\u012bt\u0101s augsnes pa\u0146emiet apak\u0161paraugu nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161anai uz laboratoriju. Parasti tas ir aptuveni 1 pints (aptuveni 0,5\u20131 kg) augsnes. Nes\u016btiet visu spaini. T\u0101 viet\u0101 izkl\u0101jiet sajaukto augsni uz t\u012bras virsmas un izmantojiet m\u0113rkr\u016bzi vai karoti, lai sav\u0101ktu laboratorijas paraugu.<\/p>\n

Piepildiet laboratorijas trauku vai maisi\u0146u apm\u0113ram \u00bd l\u012bdz 1 litram (vai saska\u0146\u0101 ar laboratorijas nor\u0101d\u012bjumiem). \u0160\u012b "alikvota" ir j\u016bsu saliktais paraugs. Laboratorijai ir nepiecie\u0161ama tikai maza, vien\u0101da da\u013ca, nevis visi serde\u0146i. Cie\u0161i aizveriet maisi\u0146u.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0darb\u012bba. Mar\u0137\u0113\u0161ana un re\u0123istr\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar FAO zi\u0146ojumiem, Vair\u0101k nek\u0101 301 TP3T augsnes test\u0113\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bdu rodas nepareizas mar\u0137\u0113\u0161anas vai sliktas uzskaites d\u0113\u013c.<\/strong> \u2014 padarot \u0161o soli kritiski svar\u012bgu ticamu datu ieg\u016b\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

Pirms vai t\u016bl\u012bt p\u0113c parauga trauka piepild\u012b\u0161anas skaidri mar\u0137\u0113jiet to. Nor\u0101diet vismaz: lauka vai zonas ID (unik\u0101lu kodu), datumu, parauga dzi\u013cumu (piem\u0113ram, 0\u20136 collas), iepriek\u0161\u0113jo kult\u016braugu (ja piem\u0113rojams) un savu v\u0101rdu vai paraugu \u0146\u0113m\u0113ja v\u0101rdu. Da\u017ei cilv\u0113ki nor\u0101da ar\u012b m\u0113r\u0137a kult\u016braugu un GPS koordin\u0101tas.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs inform\u0101cijas uzrakst\u012b\u0161ana uz maisa vai kastes ir kritiski svar\u012bga laboratorijai un turpm\u0101kai uzzi\u0146ai. Saglab\u0101jiet katra parauga ID ierakstu (\u017eurn\u0101lu vai digit\u0101lu failu), nor\u0101dot zonu\/lauku, no kuras tas n\u0101cis, un visas piez\u012bmes (piem\u0113ram, "lauka austrumu gals" vai "uz dienvidiem no ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas caurules"). \u0160ie metadati nodro\u0161ina, ka varat pareizi interpret\u0113t rezult\u0101tus un sal\u012bdzin\u0101t turpm\u0101kos paraugus.<\/p>\n

Katrs saliktais paraugs (ar eti\u0137eti) p\u0113c tam non\u0101k laboratorij\u0101. Pirms nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas p\u0101rliecinieties, vai tas ir sauss vai viegli \u017e\u0101v\u0113ts. (Da\u017eas laboratorijas dod priek\u0161roku paraugiem, kas \u017e\u0101v\u0113ti gais\u0101 istabas temperat\u016br\u0101, lai izvair\u012btos no pel\u0113juma vai bar\u012bbas vielu zuduma.) Ja pieg\u0101de aizkav\u0113jas, paraugus uzglab\u0101jiet v\u0113sum\u0101 un pasarg\u0101jiet no tie\u0161iem saules stariem. Ja laboratorija p\u0101rbauda gaisto\u0161as \u0137\u012bmiskas vielas (reti sastopamas lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101), paraugu ne\u017e\u0101v\u0113jiet. Ta\u010du standarta augl\u012bbas testiem (pH, P, K, mikroelementi, organisk\u0101s vielas) gaisa \u017e\u0101v\u0113\u0161ana atv\u0113rtos maisos vienu vai divas dienas ir ierasta prakse.<\/p>\n

Salikt\u0101s izlases pielietojumi<\/h2>\n

2025. gad\u0101 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 60 (%) liela m\u0113roga saimniec\u012bbu vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 izmanto uz zon\u0101m balst\u012btu kombin\u0113to paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, lai piel\u0101gotu m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu lieto\u0161anas normas, un re\u017e\u0123a paraugu \u0146em\u0161anai joproj\u0101m ir galven\u0101 loma prec\u012bzaj\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101, nodro\u0161inot detaliz\u0113tu augl\u012bbas kart\u0113\u0161anu visos laukos.<\/p>\n

Salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana pa\u0101trina augsnes augl\u012bbas nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anu, kas atbilst pieaugo\u0161ajai GPS mar\u0137\u0113tu lauka r\u012bku izmanto\u0161anai \u2014 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 90\u00a0% agronomu tagad paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas laik\u0101 izmanto \u0161\u0101das ier\u012bces. Salikt\u0101 augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana tiek pla\u0161i izmantota vair\u0101k\u0101s jom\u0101s:<\/p>\n

1. Lauksaimniec\u012bba (kult\u016braugu lauki):<\/strong> Iesp\u0113jams, ka visizplat\u012bt\u0101k\u0101 prakse ir regul\u0101ra augl\u012bbas p\u0101rbaude pirms st\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas. Lauksaimnieki ik p\u0113c da\u017eiem gadiem (bie\u017ei vien rot\u0101cij\u0101) \u0146em lauku paraugus, lai vad\u012btu m\u0113slojuma un ka\u013c\u0137a lieto\u0161anu. T\u0101 k\u0101 daudzi lauki ir diezgan vien\u0101di vai lieli, standarta prakse ir viens paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas veids uz vair\u0101kiem akriem.<\/p>\n

2. Z\u0101lieni un d\u0101rzi:<\/strong> M\u0101ju \u012bpa\u0161nieki un ainavu veidot\u0101ji bie\u017ei \u0146em kombin\u0113tus z\u0101lienu, k\u016bdras vai d\u0101rza gabalu paraugus, lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu bar\u012bbas vielas un pH l\u012bmeni. Kombin\u0113tais paraugs var nosegt visu pagalmu vai t\u0101 da\u013cu. Parasti nor\u0101d\u012bjumos ir nor\u0101d\u012bts sajaukt 5\u201310 paraugus, lai p\u0101rst\u0101v\u0113tu visu z\u0101liena plat\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

3. Vides p\u0101rbaude:<\/strong> Lai \u0101tri p\u0101rbaud\u012btu lielu teritoriju, lai noteiktu pies\u0101r\u0146ot\u0101jus (piem\u0113ram, vecas r\u016bpnieciskas zemes), regulatori da\u017ereiz izmanto saliktus paraugus. Tas nor\u0101da, vai past\u0101v visp\u0101r\u0113js pies\u0101r\u0146ojums. Ja salikt\u0101 viela uzr\u0101da augstu pies\u0101r\u0146ot\u0101ja l\u012bmeni, var \u0146emt atsevi\u0161\u0137us punktveida paraugus, lai atrastu konkr\u0113tus karstos punktus. Bez \u0161\u012b s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 salikt\u0101 materi\u0101la katra st\u016bra p\u0101rbaude b\u016btu p\u0101r\u0101k d\u0101rga. (Tom\u0113r saliktie materi\u0101li netiek izmantoti, ja ir nepiecie\u0161ami t\u012bras vietas l\u012bme\u0146i, jo tie var\u0113tu at\u0161\u0137aid\u012bt re\u0101lu karsto punktu.)<\/p>\n

4. P\u0113t\u012bjumi un izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumi:<\/strong> Eksperiment\u0101lajos parauglaukumos p\u0113tnieki bie\u017ei izmanto salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, lai raksturotu augsnes s\u0101kotn\u0113jo augl\u012bbu. Piem\u0113ram, universit\u0101tes p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 var tikt \u0146emts saliktais paraugs no katra eksperiment\u0101l\u0101 bloka, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu vien\u0101dus s\u0101kuma apst\u0101k\u013cus.<\/p>\n

Visos \u0161ajos gad\u012bjumos salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana sniedz \u0101tru \u201ckop\u012bgu priek\u0161statu\u201d par augsni pla\u0161\u0101 teritorij\u0101. T\u0101 nor\u0101da vad\u012bt\u0101jam, k\u0101da ir vid\u0113j\u0101 augl\u012bba un vai ir nepiecie\u0161ami visp\u0101r\u012bgi groz\u012bjumi.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 GeoPard nodro\u0161ina vied\u0101ku kompoz\u012btmateri\u0101lu augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu?<\/h2>\n

Salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana apvienojum\u0101 ar uzlabotiem datu vad\u012btiem r\u012bkiem sniedz audz\u0113t\u0101jiem prec\u012bzu inform\u0101ciju par bar\u012bbas viel\u0101m par daudz zem\u0101k\u0101m izmaks\u0101m nek\u0101 intens\u012bv\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana. GeoPard Agriculture papla\u0161ina \u0161o procesu, integr\u0113jot t\u0101lizp\u0113ti, viedos algoritmus un optim\u0101las trajektorijas \u0123ener\u0113\u0161anu, padarot salikto augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu vied\u0101ku, \u0101tr\u0101ku un efekt\u012bv\u0101ku. GeoPard atbalsta gan uz re\u017e\u0123a, gan uz zon\u0101m balst\u012btu anal\u012bzi, dodot agronomiem elast\u012bbu atkar\u012bb\u0101 no lauka v\u0113stures un main\u012bguma.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • 1.<\/strong> Uz re\u017e\u0123a balst\u012bta paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana<\/strong> sadala lauku vien\u0101dos re\u017e\u0123a \u0161\u016bn\u0101s un izvieto punktus regul\u0101ros interv\u0101los, padarot to par lielisku pieeju s\u0101kotn\u0113jiem lauka nov\u0113rt\u0113jumiem vai gad\u012bjumiem, kad nav iepriek\u0161\u0113ju datu.<\/li>\n
  • 2.<\/strong> Uz zonu balst\u012bta paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana<\/strong>, no otras puses, izmanto t\u0101dus datus k\u0101 ra\u017eas kartes, augsnes kartes un satel\u012btatt\u0113lus, lai izveidotu p\u0101rvald\u012bbas zonas, kas atspogu\u013co lauka patieso main\u012bgumu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Strat\u0113\u0123iski izvietojot paraugus katr\u0101 zon\u0101, lauksaimnieki efekt\u012bv\u0101k uztver savu lauku unik\u0101l\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, \u012bpa\u0161i apgabalos, kur main\u012bgums jau ir zin\u0101ms. Turkl\u0101t, run\u0101jot par paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas veidu, GeoPard atbalsta gan pamata, gan salikt\u0101s metodes.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Kodolu paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana<\/strong> ietver katra atsevi\u0161\u0137a augsnes parauga atsevi\u0161\u0137u anal\u012bzi, pied\u0101v\u0101jot visaugst\u0101ko main\u012bguma iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju, bet ar augst\u0101k\u0101m laboratorijas izmaks\u0101m.<\/li>\n
    • Salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana<\/strong>, apvienojot vair\u0101kus kodolus vien\u0101 reprezentat\u012bv\u0101 paraug\u0101 katram re\u017e\u0123im vai zonai, tiek pan\u0101kts l\u012bdzsvars starp izmaksu efektivit\u0101ti un praktiski izmantojam\u0101m atzi\u0146\u0101m, padarot to \u012bpa\u0161i praktisku lieliem laukiem, nezaud\u0113jot zonai specifisku datu priek\u0161roc\u012bbas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Lai uztur\u0113tu darbpl\u016bsmas organiz\u0113tas, GeoPard nodro\u0161ina piel\u0101gojamas eti\u0137e\u0161u veidnes, kas autom\u0101tiski atz\u012bm\u0113 paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas punktus p\u0113c zonas ID vai sec\u012bbas numura. Tas nodro\u0161ina, ka paraugi ir labi dokument\u0113ti, s\u0101kot no sav\u0101k\u0161anas lauk\u0101 l\u012bdz pat laboratorijas anal\u012bzei un p\u0101rskatu snieg\u0161anai, samazinot k\u013c\u016bdu risku un atvieglojot rezult\u0101tu interpret\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

      Efektivit\u0101ti uz lauka v\u0113l vair\u0101k uzlabo GeoPard ce\u013cu \u0123ener\u0113\u0161anas lo\u0123ika. Vied\u0101 optim\u0101l\u0101 ce\u013ca funkcija autom\u0101tiski apr\u0113\u0137ina \u012bs\u0101ko un efekt\u012bv\u0101ko pastaigu vai brauk\u0161anas mar\u0161rutu vis\u0101s zon\u0101s, samazinot nobraukto laiku un att\u0101lumu. Alternat\u012bvi, agronomi var izv\u0113l\u0113ties datu v\u0101k\u0161anas metodi pa zon\u0101m, kas vienk\u0101r\u0161o darb\u012bbas, koncentr\u0113joties uz vienu zonu vienlaikus neatkar\u012bgi no kop\u0113j\u0101 ce\u013ca garuma.<\/p>\n

      Pirmreiz\u0113jiem lietot\u0101jiem GeoPard vied\u0101s paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas ieteikums ir lab\u0101kais s\u0101kumpunkts, jo sist\u0113ma piel\u0101gojas katra lauka unik\u0101laj\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m, lai l\u012bdzsvarotu statistisko precizit\u0101ti ar darb\u012bbas efektivit\u0101ti. Apvienojot salikto augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu ar prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas un t\u0101lizp\u0113tes jaudu, GeoPard nodro\u0161ina, ka lauksaimnieki un agronomi sa\u0146em visreprezentat\u012bv\u0101kos, rentabl\u0101kos un praktiski izmantojamos augsnes datus.<\/p>\n

      No vienveid\u012bgas l\u012bdz zon\u0113tai lauksaimniec\u012bbas: prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas koncepcijas<\/h2>\n

      Lai gan salikto izla\u0161u veido\u0161ana ir balst\u012bta uz vid\u0113jiem r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem, prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba (PA) ir par main\u012bguma atpaz\u012b\u0161anu un p\u0101rvald\u012bbu. Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba izmanto r\u012bkus (GPS, sensorus, programmat\u016bru), lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu, ka katra lauka da\u013ca sa\u0146em pareizu apstr\u0101di. ASV Lauksaimniec\u012bbas departaments defin\u0113 prec\u012bzo lauksaimniec\u012bbu k\u0101 "lauksaimniec\u012bbas r\u012bkus, kuru pamat\u0101 ir lauka iek\u0161\u0113jo main\u012bguma nov\u0113ro\u0161ana, m\u0113r\u012b\u0161ana un rea\u0123\u0113\u0161ana uz to". Praks\u0113 tas noz\u012bm\u0113 lauka sadal\u012b\u0161anu maz\u0101k\u0101s p\u0101rvald\u012bbas zon\u0101s (katra no t\u0101m ir relat\u012bvi vien\u0101da) un katras zonas p\u0101rvald\u012bbu p\u0113c saviem noteikumiem.<\/p>\n

      1. Zon\u0101m balst\u012bta p\u0101rvald\u012bba<\/h3>\n

      Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas glob\u0101l\u0101 ievie\u0161ana strauji pieaug. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar MarketsandMarkets datiem, prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tirgus l\u012bdz 2030. gadam, dom\u0101jams, sasniegs 1 TP4\u00a0t\u016bksto\u0161us 21,9\u00a0miljardus, pieaugot par gandr\u012bz 121 TP3\u00a0t\u016bksto\u0161iem gad\u0101 gad\u0101 (CAGR) no 2025. gada. Aptuveni 70\u2013801 TP3\u00a0t\u016bksto\u0161i jaunas lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnikas, kas p\u0101rdota Zieme\u013camerik\u0101, tagad ir apr\u012bkota ar GPS vai prec\u012bz\u0101s tehnolo\u0123ijas iesp\u0113j\u0101m. Tas atspogu\u013co sp\u0113c\u012bgu p\u0101reju no tradicion\u0101l\u0101m vienot\u0101m pieej\u0101m uz vair\u0101k uz datiem balst\u012btu, konkr\u0113tai zonai specifisku p\u0101rvald\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

      Galven\u0101 ideja ir uz zon\u0101m balst\u012bta p\u0101rvald\u012bba: t\u0101 viet\u0101, lai visu lauku apstr\u0101d\u0101tu vien\u0101di, PA m\u0113r\u0137is ir da\u017e\u0101di pielietot izejvielas (m\u0113slojumu, s\u0113klas, \u016bdeni), piel\u0101gojoties katras zonas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgaj\u0101m vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Zonas var izveidot, izmantojot augsnes tipu kartes, ra\u017eas v\u0113sturi vai sensoru datus. Piem\u0113ram, lauka zema, mitra da\u013ca var\u0113tu b\u016bt viena zona, bet augst\u0101ka, labi dren\u0113ta da\u013ca - cita.<\/p>\n

      2. Prec\u012bzijas tehnolo\u0123ijas<\/h3>\n

      Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123iju, piem\u0113ram, dronu, augsnes sensoru un main\u012bgas devas smidzin\u0101t\u0101ju, glob\u0101l\u0101 izmanto\u0161ana pa\u0101trin\u0101s. Zi\u0146ojumi liecina, ka vair\u0101k nek\u0101 801 TP3 t lielo saimniec\u012bbu att\u012bst\u012btaj\u0101s valst\u012bs izmanto GPS vad\u0101mas iek\u0101rtas, un paredzams, ka l\u012bdz 2027. gadam dronu balst\u012bta kult\u016braugu uzraudz\u012bba aptvers vair\u0101k nek\u0101 601 TP3 t aramzemes ASV.<\/p>\n

      Tiek l\u0113sts, ka \u0161ie instrumenti samazin\u0101s m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu un \u0137\u012bmisko vielu lieto\u0161anu l\u012bdz pat 201 TP3 tonn\u0101m, vienlaikus palielinot ra\u017eu vid\u0113ji par 10\u2013151 TP3 tonn\u0101m. Prec\u012bz\u0101s tehnolo\u0123ijas to pal\u012bdz divos galvenajos veidos:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Datu v\u0101k\u0161ana<\/strong>Ar GPS apr\u012bkoti s\u0113jma\u0161\u012bnas, ra\u017eas monitori un augsnes sensori re\u0123istr\u0113 inform\u0101ciju \u013coti smalk\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113j\u0101.<\/li>\n
      2. Main\u012bgas lieto\u0161anas apr\u012bkojums:<\/strong> Traktori un smidzin\u0101t\u0101ji var autom\u0101tiski main\u012bt devas kust\u012bbas laik\u0101.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Piem\u0113ram, main\u012bgas devas smidzin\u0101t\u0101ji (VRT) izmanto recep\u0161u kartes, lai iestr\u0101d\u0101tu vair\u0101k m\u0113slojuma tur, kur tas nepiecie\u0161ams, un maz\u0101k tur, kur tas nav nepiecie\u0161ams. Kombainu ra\u017eas monitori re\u0123istr\u0113 ra\u017eu re\u0101llaik\u0101 un v\u0113l\u0101k izveido ra\u017eas kartes. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 tiek ieg\u016bta konkr\u0113tai vietai specifiska p\u0101rvald\u012bba, nevis \u201cviens izm\u0113rs der visiem\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

        3. T\u0101lizp\u0113te<\/h3>\n

        Kop\u0161 2025. gada glob\u0101l\u0101 prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tirgus v\u0113rt\u012bba p\u0101rsniedz 1\u00a0TP4\u00a0T12\u00a0miljardus, un t\u0101lizp\u0113tei ir b\u016btiska loma uz datiem balst\u012bt\u0101 l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101. Dronu izmanto\u0161ana lauksaimniec\u012bbas uzraudz\u012bb\u0101 pieaug ar \u0101trumu vair\u0101k nek\u0101 301\u00a0TP3\u00a0T gad\u0101, savuk\u0101rt t\u0101di satel\u012bti k\u0101 Sentinel-2 tagad ik p\u0113c 5 dien\u0101m nodro\u0161ina att\u0113lus ar iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju l\u012bdz pat 10\u00a0metriem.<\/p>\n

        Vien\u012bgi Amerikas Savienotaj\u0101s Valst\u012bs vair\u0101k nek\u0101 601\u00a0TP3\u00a0t\u016bksto\u0161i lielu saimniec\u012bbu tagad izmanto k\u0101du satel\u012btu vai dronu b\u0101zes zond\u0113\u0161anas veidu kult\u016braugu uzraudz\u012bbai, \u016bdens apsaimnieko\u0161anai vai augsnes kart\u0113\u0161anai. \u0160\u012b strauj\u0101 izaugsme uzsver t\u0101lizp\u0113tes kritisko lomu ra\u017eas optimiz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 un resursu efektivit\u0101t\u0113.<\/p>\n

        RS var atkl\u0101t mode\u013cus, kas nav redzami zemes l\u012bmen\u012b. Piem\u0113ram, satel\u012btatt\u0113li, kas apstr\u0101d\u0101ti NDVI (normaliz\u0113t\u0101 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bg\u0101s ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksa) vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, par\u0101da augu \u201cza\u013cumu\u201d un sparu vis\u0101 lauk\u0101. Vesel\u012bgi, bl\u012bvi kult\u016braugi atstaro vair\u0101k infrasarkan\u0101s gaismas; NDVI to matem\u0101tiski uztver.<\/p>\n

        T\u0101lizp\u0113te nodro\u0161ina datu sl\u0101\u0146us, kas pal\u012bdz noteikt paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas zonas. Iedom\u0101jieties NDVI karti, kas iekr\u0101sota no zilas (v\u0101ja aug\u0161ana) l\u012bdz za\u013cai (sp\u0113c\u012bga aug\u0161ana). \u0160ie kr\u0101su mode\u013ci bie\u017ei vien atbilst pamat\u0101 eso\u0161ajai augsnes augl\u012bbai vai mitrumam. L\u012bdz\u012bgi, multispektr\u0101lie dronu att\u0113li var par\u0101d\u012bt, kur kult\u016braugi ir pan\u012bku\u0161i, slapji vai tiem tr\u016bkst bar\u012bbas vielu. P\u0101rkl\u0101jot NDVI att\u0113lus, ra\u017eas kartes vai augsnes elektrovad\u012btsp\u0113jas kartes \u0122IS programm\u0101, agronomi identific\u0113 stabilas apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonas \u2013 apgabalus, kas laika gait\u0101 m\u0113dz darboties l\u012bdz\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

        Piem\u0113ram, Aiovas p\u0113tnieki ir pier\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i, ka \u201cdaudzu gadu ra\u017eas kartes un gan kailas augsnes, gan kult\u016braugu vainagu aerofotoatt\u0113lus var izmantot, lai noteiktu apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonas\u201d, jo \u0161ie produkti parasti atspogu\u013co pamat\u0101 eso\u0161os augsnes apst\u0101k\u013cus. Praks\u0113 lauksaimnieks var izmantot divu gadu GPS ra\u017eas datus plus augsnes apsekojumu, lai sadal\u012btu lauku 3\u20135 zon\u0101s (augstas, vid\u0113jas un zemas ra\u017eas zonas).<\/p>\n

        Tiek pie\u0146emts, ka katr\u0101 zon\u0101 ir aptuveni vien\u0101di augsnes apst\u0101k\u013ci, un p\u0113c tam no katras zonas tiek \u0146emti salikti paraugi. \u0160\u012b uz datiem balst\u012bt\u0101 salikt\u0101 paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana sniedz prec\u012bz\u0101kus ieteikumus nek\u0101 visa lauka paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana k\u0101 viena.<\/p>\n

        Ar\u012b t\u0101lizp\u0113te p\u0101riet uz augst\u0101ku iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju un frekvenci. Jauni satel\u012bti (PlanetScope, Sentinel) ik p\u0113c da\u017e\u0101m dien\u0101m pieg\u0101d\u0101 NDVI ar ~3\u201310 m iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju. Droni var lidot pa laukiem katru ned\u0113\u013cu, uz\u0146emot detaliz\u0113tus kult\u016braugu kr\u0101su att\u0113lus. \u0160\u012bs tendences noz\u012bm\u0113, ka vad\u012bt\u0101ji var paman\u012bt nelielus stresa laukumus un p\u0113c nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas piel\u0101got zonas. Jau tagad lielas saimniec\u012bbas parasti abon\u0113 satel\u012btu pakalpojumus vai izmanto lauka dronus kult\u016braugu \u201cizl\u016bko\u0161anai\u201d. \u0160ie sl\u0101\u0146i tiek ievad\u012bti m\u016bsdienu \u0122IS vai saimniec\u012bbas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas programmat\u016br\u0101, lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu noteikt jaunas paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas robe\u017eas.<\/p>\n

        Kompoz\u012btu paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas integr\u0113\u0161ana ar prec\u012bzo lauksaimniec\u012bbu<\/h2>\n

        Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas tehnolo\u0123ijas ir \u013c\u0101vu\u0161as palielin\u0101t m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu lieto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti l\u012bdz pat 15\u2013201 TP3T, un vid\u0113jais ra\u017eas uzlabojums ir no 8 l\u012bdz 12 bu\u0161eliem uz akru, izmantojot main\u012bgas devas bar\u012bbas vielu p\u0101rvald\u012bbu, kas uzsver salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas integr\u0113\u0161anas noz\u012bmi datu vad\u012bt\u0101s darbpl\u016bsm\u0101s. Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas darbpl\u016bsm\u0101 saliktajai paraugu \u0146em\u0161anai joproj\u0101m ir noz\u012bme, ta\u010du to vada dati:<\/p>\n

        1. Anal\u012bze pirms paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas:<\/strong> Apkopojiet visus pieejamos datus \u2013 iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s ra\u017eas kartes, satel\u012bta NDVI vai dronu att\u0113lus, augsnes tipu un topogr\u0101fijas kartes. Izmantojiet \u0161o inform\u0101ciju, lai sadal\u012btu lauku 3\u20136 apsaimnieko\u0161anas zon\u0101s ar aptuveni vien\u0101du augsnes potenci\u0101lu. Katra zona var b\u016bt nep\u0101rtraukta, vai ar\u012b da\u017eas zonas var ietvert atsevi\u0161\u0137as teritorijas, kas izskat\u0101s l\u012bdz\u012bgas (piem\u0113ram, divas zemas vietas da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s lauka da\u013c\u0101s var\u0113tu b\u016bt viena \u201czemas augl\u012bbas\u201d zona).<\/p>\n

        \"Kompoz\u012btu<\/p>\n

        2. Uz zon\u0101m balst\u012bta salikt\u0101 izlase:<\/strong> Katrai apsaimnieko\u0161anas zonai sav\u0101ciet un sajaukiet augsnes serde\u0146us t\u0101pat k\u0101 iepriek\u0161. Praks\u0113 tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka A zon\u0101 j\u0101\u0146em ~15\u201320 serde\u0146u un tie j\u0101sajauc, p\u0113c tam B zonai j\u0101sajauc atsevi\u0161\u0137i utt. Katra zona ieg\u016bst vienu paraugu maisu. Jums var n\u0101kties veikt vair\u0101kas augsnes p\u0101rbaudes vienam laukam (vienu katr\u0101 zon\u0101), nevis tikai vienu visam laukam.<\/p>\n

        \u0160o pieeju da\u017ereiz sauc par \u201cvirz\u012bto salikto izlasi\u201d vai \u201czon\u0101lo izlasi\u201d. T\u0101 saglab\u0101 salikt\u0101s izlases izmaksu priek\u0161roc\u012bbas (viena anal\u012bze katr\u0101 zon\u0101), bet \u013cauj izvair\u012bties no vid\u0113j\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas noteik\u0161anas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bg\u0101s teritorij\u0101s.<\/p>\n

        3. Anal\u012bze un recepte:<\/strong> Nos\u016btiet katras zonas paraugu uz laboratoriju. Kad rezult\u0101ti b\u016bs sa\u0146emti, katrai zonai b\u016bs at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas v\u0113rt\u012bbas. Piem\u0113ram, A zonai var b\u016bt nepiecie\u0161ams vair\u0101k fosfora nek\u0101 B zonai. P\u0113c tam izveidojiet main\u012bgas devas recep\u0161u karti m\u0113slojumam vai ka\u013c\u0137im: apstr\u0101d\u0101jiet katru zonu atbilsto\u0161i t\u0101s vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Daudzi prec\u012bz\u0101s s\u0113jas vai smidzin\u0101t\u0101ja kontrolieri var izmantot \u0161\u012bs zonu kartes, lai pielietotu ievades materi\u0101lus.<\/p>\n

        4. Valid\u0101cija un preciz\u0113\u0161ana:<\/strong> Turpm\u0101kaj\u0101s sezon\u0101s uzraugiet ra\u017eas sniegumu. Izmantojiet kombaina ra\u017eas monitoru (vai nep\u0101rtrauktu satel\u012bta NDVI), lai redz\u0113tu, vai j\u016bsu defin\u0113t\u0101s zonas patie\u0161\u0101m at\u0161\u0137iras p\u0113c ra\u017eas. Piel\u0101gojiet zonu robe\u017eas vai zonu skaitu p\u0113c nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas. Laika gait\u0101 \u0161ai atgriezeniskajai saitei vajadz\u0113tu uzlabot zonu precizit\u0101ti un izejvielu izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

        Faktiski PA\/RS ir p\u0101rveidoju\u0161i \u201csalikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu\u201d no viena parauga katr\u0101 lauk\u0101 procesa uz vair\u0101ku paraugu katr\u0101 lauk\u0101 procesu, kur katrs paraugs p\u0101rst\u0101v prec\u012bzu, ar datiem defin\u0113tu plat\u012bbu. Tas sniedz lab\u0101ku inform\u0101ciju. K\u0101 teikts vien\u0101 nozares emu\u0101r\u0101, GPS re\u017e\u0123a (vai zonas) paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana \u201c\u013cauj izveidot main\u012bgas devas receptes, nodro\u0161inot, ka katra lauka zona sa\u0146em atbilsto\u0161u bar\u012bbas vielu daudzumu\u201d.<\/p>\n

        \u0160\u0101ds precizit\u0101tes l\u012bmenis nav iesp\u0113jams ar salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu, kas sniedz tikai vid\u0113jo bar\u012bbas vielu l\u012bmeni. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, saliktie paraugi joproj\u0101m tiek izmantoti, bet maz\u0101k\u0101s, vied\u0101k\u0101s zon\u0101s. Salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anas integr\u0101cija ar tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m joproj\u0101m att\u012bst\u0101s. Da\u017eas tendences ir \u0161\u0101das:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Augstas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas sensori<\/strong>Piem\u0113ram, hiperspektr\u0101l\u0101s kameras vai sarkan\u0101s malas joslas var noteikt sl\u0101pek\u013ca tr\u016bkumu, \u016bdens stresu vai slim\u012bbas, pirms kult\u016braugs par\u0101da simptomus.<\/li>\n
        • Augsnes noteik\u0161ana kust\u012bb\u0101<\/strong>T\u0101das iek\u0101rtas k\u0101 elektromagn\u0113tiskie (EM38) sensori, gamma staru vai tuv\u0101 infrasarkan\u0101 starojuma zondes var \u201csken\u0113t\u201d lauku re\u0101llaik\u0101. M\u016bsdienu traktori var vilkt augsnes sensorus vai pat izmantot pazemes elektromagn\u0113tiskos sensorus, kas acumirkl\u012b rada augsta bl\u012bvuma augsnes kartes.<\/li>\n
        • M\u0101ksl\u012bgais intelekts un datu sapludin\u0101\u0161ana:<\/strong> Ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s mode\u013ci var apvienot v\u0113sturiskos augsnes testus, laika apst\u0101k\u013cus, ra\u017eu un t\u0101lizp\u0113tes datus, lai prognoz\u0113tu bar\u012bbas vielu l\u012bmeni vai autom\u0101tiski identific\u0113tu zonas. Piem\u0113ram, m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta sist\u0113ma var\u0113tu analiz\u0113t NDVI un ra\u017eas gadus, lai ieteiktu jaunas zonu robe\u017eas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n

          Salikt\u0101 augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana ir laika gait\u0101 p\u0101rbaud\u012bta un rentabla metode, lai nov\u0113rt\u0113tu vid\u0113jo augsnes augl\u012bbu liel\u0101s plat\u012bb\u0101s. T\u0101 vienk\u0101r\u0161o augsnes test\u0113\u0161anu, sniedzot vienu rezult\u0101tu katrai zonai, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nodro\u0161inot vienotu apsaimnieko\u0161anu \u0161aj\u0101 zon\u0101. Tom\u0113r t\u0101s rakstur\u012bg\u0101 vid\u0113j\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba var mask\u0113t svar\u012bgas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas. Prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas un t\u0101lizp\u0113tes att\u012bst\u012bba neizsl\u0113dz salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu; dr\u012bz\u0101k t\u0101 no jauna defin\u0113, kur un k\u0101 m\u0113s saliekam datus. Izmantojot GPS vad\u012btus paraugu \u0146\u0113m\u0113jus, ra\u017eas kartes un satel\u012bta\/dronu att\u0113lus, lauksaimnieki tagad bie\u017ei \u0146em paraugus l\u012bdz\u012bgas produktivit\u0101tes zon\u0101s, padarot katru salikto paraugu \u0146em\u0161anu j\u0113gpiln\u0101ku.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Salikta augsnes paraugu \u0146em\u0161ana noz\u012bm\u0113 daudzu mazu augsnes serde\u0146u \u0146em\u0161anu no lauka un to sajauk\u0161anu vien\u0101 paraug\u0101. \u0160is viens saliktais paraugs sniedz vid\u0113jo\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":12112,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1378,1379],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-remote-sensing","category-soil-data"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nComposite Soil Sampling & Role of Precision Agriculture and Remote Sensing - 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