{"id":11378,"date":"2025-03-02T20:39:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T19:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=11378"},"modified":"2025-03-02T20:39:54","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T19:39:54","slug":"slapekla-izmantosanas-optimizesana-cietajos-kviesos-izmantojot-uz-nni-un-ndvi-kartem-balstitas-strategijas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/lv\/blog\/optimizing-nitrogen-use-in-durum-wheat-with-nni-and-ndvi-map-based-strategies\/","title":{"rendered":"Sl\u0101pek\u013ca izmanto\u0161anas optimiz\u0113\u0161ana cietajos kvie\u0161os, izmantojot uz NNI un NDVI kart\u0113m balst\u012btas strat\u0113\u0123ijas"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cietie kvie\u0161i, Vidusj\u016bras lauksaimniec\u012bbas st\u016brakmens un glob\u0101li kritiski svar\u012bga kult\u016bra makaronu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, saskaras ar steidzamu izaicin\u0101jumu: neilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu sl\u0101pek\u013ca (N) m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu izmanto\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Lai gan sl\u0101peklis ir neaizst\u0101jams ra\u017eas palielin\u0101\u0161anai, t\u0101 p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga lieto\u0161ana rada nopietnas sekas videi, tostarp grunts\u016bde\u0146u pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu, siltumn\u012bcefekta g\u0101zu emisijas un augsnes degrad\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Asciano, It\u0101lij\u0101, veikts un Eiropas Agronomijas \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 public\u0113ts revolucion\u0101rs \u010detru gadu p\u0113t\u012bjums (2018.\u20132022.\u00a0g.) cent\u0101s risin\u0101t \u0161o kr\u012bzi, stingri sal\u012bdzinot tradicion\u0101lo sl\u0101pek\u013ca p\u0101rvald\u012bbu ar progres\u012bv\u0101m prec\u012bz\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas metod\u0113m.<\/p>\n

P\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 uzman\u012bba tika piev\u0113rsta trim satel\u012btvad\u012bbas strat\u0113\u0123ij\u0101m \u2014 sl\u0101pek\u013ca uztura indeksam (NNI), proporcion\u0101lajam NDVI (NDVIH) un kompens\u0113jo\u0161ajam NDVI (NDVIL) \u2014, sal\u012bdzinot ar tradicion\u0101lo, vienm\u0113r\u012bgo sl\u0101pek\u013ca m\u0113slo\u0161anas metodi. Ieg\u016btie rezult\u0101ti ne tikai atkl\u0101j ce\u013cu uz ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu cieto kvie\u0161u audz\u0113\u0161anu, bet ar\u012b ar iev\u0113rojamu precizit\u0101ti kvantific\u0113 katras metodes ekonomiskos un ekolo\u0123iskos kompromisus.<\/p>\n

Metodolo\u0123ija: Prec\u012bz\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bba satiekas ar satel\u012bttehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m<\/h2>\n

Eksperiments norisin\u0101j\u0101s \u010detr\u0101s sec\u012bg\u0101s aug\u0161anas sezon\u0101s Tosk\u0101nas paugurainajos apvidos, kas ir Vidusj\u016bras kvie\u0161u audz\u0113\u0161anas simbols. P\u0113tnieki sadal\u012bja testa laukus parauglaukumos, kuros tika izmantotas \u010detras at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas sl\u0101pek\u013ca apsaimnieko\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123ijas.<\/p>\n

Tradicion\u0101l\u0101 \u201cfiks\u0113t\u0101s likmes\u201d pieeja iev\u0113roja re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101s agronomisk\u0101s vadl\u012bnijas, katru gadu pielietojot 150 kg sl\u0101pek\u013ca uz hekt\u0101ru. Turpret\u012b prec\u012bz\u0101s metodes izmantoja Sentinel-2 satel\u012btatt\u0113lus \u2014 Eiropas Kosmosa a\u0123ent\u016bras misiju, kas nodro\u0161ina augstas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas (10 metru) multispektr\u0101los datus \u2014, lai piel\u0101gotu sl\u0101pek\u013ca m\u0113slojuma lieto\u0161anu telpiski un laika zi\u0146\u0101.<\/p>\n

NNI strat\u0113\u0123ija izc\u0113l\u0101s ar to, ka t\u0101 apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ja kult\u016braugu sl\u0101pek\u013ca statusu re\u0101llaik\u0101, izmantojot valid\u0113tu algoritmu, kas integr\u0113 lapu laukuma indeksu un biomasas apr\u0113\u0137inus. NDVIH sadal\u012bja sl\u0101pekli proporcion\u0101li, pamatojoties uz ve\u0123et\u0101cijas bl\u012bvumu (normaliz\u0113to ve\u0123et\u0101cijas diferenci\u0101lo indeksu), savuk\u0101rt NDVIL izmantoja kompens\u0113jo\u0161u pieeju, novirzot papildu sl\u0101pekli uz zon\u0101m ar zemu ve\u0123et\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

NNI p\u0101rsp\u0113j tradicion\u0101l\u0101s un uz NDVI balst\u012bt\u0101s strat\u0113\u0123ijas<\/h2>\n

P\u0113t\u012bjuma laik\u0101 NNI metode uzr\u0101d\u012bja nep\u0101rsp\u0113jamu efektivit\u0101ti. T\u0101 samazin\u0101ja sl\u0101pek\u013ca pat\u0113ri\u0146u par 20%, uz hekt\u0101ra uzkl\u0101jot tikai 120 kg sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar parastajiem 150 kg, vienlaikus saglab\u0101jot statistiski l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bgu graudu ra\u017eu 4,8 tonnas uz hekt\u0101ru sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar 4,7 tonn\u0101m vienotas likmes lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Olbaltumvielu saturs \u2014 kritisks kvalit\u0101tes r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js cieto kvie\u0161u galapat\u0113ri\u0146am makaronu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 \u2014 sasniedza 13,2% ar NNI, nedaudz p\u0101rsp\u0113jot tradicion\u0101l\u0101s metodes 12,5%.<\/p>\n

\u0160is nelielais olbaltumvielu pieaugums rad\u012bja iev\u0113rojamas r\u016bpnieciskas priek\u0161roc\u012bbas: no NNI optimiz\u0113tiem kvie\u0161iem ra\u017eotai m\u012bklai W indekss (glut\u0113na stipruma m\u0113rs) bija 280, kas iev\u0113rojami p\u0101rsniedza parastajiem kvie\u0161iem nov\u0113roto 240.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0101di uzlabojumi izriet\u0113ja no NNI sp\u0113jas sinhroniz\u0113t sl\u0101pek\u013ca pieejam\u012bbu ar kult\u016braugu att\u012bst\u012bbas stadij\u0101m, nodro\u0161inot optim\u0101lu bar\u012bbas vielu sadal\u012bjumu graudu piepild\u012b\u0161an\u0101s laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

NDVI balst\u012btu pieeju sl\u0113pt\u0101s izmaksas<\/h2>\n

Lai gan uz NDVI balst\u012bt\u0101s strat\u0113\u0123ijas bija inovat\u012bvas, t\u0101m atkl\u0101ja b\u016btiskus ierobe\u017eojumus. Proporcion\u0101l\u0101 NDVIH pieeja, kas N pie\u0161\u0137\u012bra, pamatojoties uz vainaga za\u013cumu, palielin\u0101ja olbaltumvielu saturu l\u012bdz 13,8%, bet samazin\u0101ja ra\u017eu l\u012bdz 4,5 tonn\u0101m uz hekt\u0101ru, kas ir par 6% maz\u0101k nek\u0101 ar NNI.<\/p>\n

\u0160is paradokss rad\u0101s p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas m\u0113slo\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c jau t\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca bag\u0101taj\u0101s zon\u0101s, kur p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga ve\u0123etat\u012bv\u0101 aug\u0161ana novirz\u012bja ener\u0123iju no graudu ra\u017eo\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

Kompens\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 NDVIL metode, kas paredz\u0113ta, lai palielin\u0101tu gr\u016bti sasniedzamo kult\u016braugu plat\u012bbu ra\u017eu, nodro\u0161in\u0101ja visaugst\u0101ko ra\u017eu (5,1 tonna\/ha), ta\u010du ar iev\u0113rojam\u0101m vides izmaks\u0101m: tai bija nepiecie\u0161ami 160 kg N uz hekt\u0101ru, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 sl\u0101pek\u013ca oks\u012bda emisijas palielin\u0101j\u0101s par 33% (1,4 kg CO2 ekvivalenta uz kg graudu), sal\u012bdzinot ar NNI 0,8 kg.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs emisijas ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi svar\u012bgas \u2014 sl\u0101pek\u013ca oks\u012bda glob\u0101l\u0101s sasil\u0161anas potenci\u0101ls gadsimta laik\u0101 ir 265 reizes liel\u0101ks nek\u0101 oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda.<\/p>\n

Ekonomiski NNI izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s nep\u0101rprotams uzvar\u0113t\u0101js. Lauksaimnieki, kas izmantoja \u0161o strat\u0113\u0123iju, sasniedza 220 eiro t\u012bro pe\u013c\u0146u no hekt\u0101ra, kas ir par 121 TP3 t vair\u0101k nek\u0101 196 eiro, izmantojot tradicion\u0101lo metodi. \u0160\u012b priek\u0161roc\u012bba izriet\u0113ja no diviem faktoriem: samazin\u0101t\u0101m m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu izmaks\u0101m (98 eiro\/ha sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar 123 eiro\/ha) un augst\u0101k\u0101m cen\u0101m par graudiem ar augstu olbaltumvielu saturu.<\/p>\n

P\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 tika ieviests jauns \u201csoci\u0101lo izmaksu\u201d r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js \u2014 visaptvero\u0161s vides kait\u0113juma, \u016bdens pies\u0101r\u0146ojuma ietekmes uz sabiedr\u012bbas vesel\u012bbu un ilgtermi\u0146a augsnes degrad\u0101cijas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js. NNI soci\u0101l\u0101s izmaksas kopum\u0101 bija 42 eiro par hekt\u0101ru, kas ir iev\u0113rojami maz\u0101kas par tradicion\u0101l\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas 60 eiro. NDVIH un NDVIL starpizmaksas bija attiec\u012bgi 58 eiro un 55 eiro, kas atspogu\u013co to nel\u012bdzsvaroto sl\u0101pek\u013ca sadal\u012bjumu.<\/p>\n

Iedzi\u013cinoties vides r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jos, sl\u0101pek\u013ca m\u0113slojuma izmanto\u0161anas efektivit\u0101te (NfUE) \u2014 izmantot\u0101 N procentu\u0101l\u0101 da\u013ca, kas p\u0101rv\u0113rsta ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anai paredz\u0113tos graudos \u2014 sasniedza 65%, izmantojot NNI, kas ir iev\u0113rojams uzlabojums sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar tradicion\u0101lo meto\u017eu 52% efektivit\u0101ti. \u0160is l\u0113ciens noz\u012bm\u0113ja nitr\u0101tu izskalo\u0161an\u0101s samazin\u0101jumu par 18%, aizsarg\u0101jot viet\u0113jos \u016bdens nes\u0113jsl\u0101\u0146us no pies\u0101r\u0146ojuma.<\/p>\n

\u010cetru gadu ilg\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjuma laik\u0101 lauki, ko apsaimnieko ar NNI, izskalo\u0161an\u0101s d\u0113\u013c gad\u0101 zaud\u0113ja tikai 12 kg sl\u0101pek\u013ca uz hekt\u0101ru, sal\u012bdzinot ar 22 kg tradicion\u0101lajos parauglaukumos. Kontekstam ES Nitr\u0101tu direkt\u012bva nosaka, ka grunts\u016bde\u0146u nitr\u0101tu koncentr\u0101cijai j\u0101b\u016bt zem 50 mg\/l, un \u0161\u012b robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bba tiek p\u0101rsniegta 30% parastajos parauglaukumos, bet tikai 8% NNI apsaimniekotaj\u0101s plat\u012bb\u0101s.<\/p>\n

NNI m\u0113rogo\u0161ana: izaicin\u0101jumi un politikas intervences<\/h2>\n

P\u0113t\u012bjums atkl\u0101ja ar\u012b sl\u0113ptos ieguvumus klimatam. Izmantojot dz\u012bves cikla nov\u0113rt\u0113juma (LCA) metodolo\u0123iju, komanda apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ja, ka NNI oglek\u013ca p\u0113das nospiedums bija 0,8 kg CO2 ekvivalenta uz kg graudu, kas ir par 33% maz\u0101k nek\u0101 tradicion\u0101l\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas 1,2 kg.<\/p>\n

\u0160is samazin\u0101jums galvenok\u0101rt bija saist\u012bts ar samazin\u0101t\u0101m m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cu ra\u017eo\u0161anas emisij\u0101m (1,2 kg CO2 ekvivalenta\/kg N ietaup\u012bts) un maz\u0101ku sl\u0101pek\u013ca oks\u012bda izme\u0161u daudzumu no augsnes. Ja NNI pla\u0161a ievie\u0161ana tiktu ieviesta vis\u0101 ES 2,4 miljonu hekt\u0101ru plat\u012bb\u0101, t\u0101 var\u0113tu samazin\u0101t gada emisijas par 960\u00a0000 metriskaj\u0101m tonn\u0101m CO2 ekvivalenta, kas ir l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bgi 208\u00a0000 automa\u0161\u012bnu nobraukumam no ce\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 br\u012bdin\u0101ts neuztvert prec\u012bzo lauksaimniec\u012bbu k\u0101 panaceju. NNI metodes pan\u0101kumi ir atkar\u012bgi no nep\u0101rtrauktas piek\u013cuves augstas kvalit\u0101tes satel\u012btdatiem un modern\u0101m iek\u0101rt\u0101m, kas sp\u0113j veikt main\u012bgu devu lieto\u0161anu, \u2014 infrastrukt\u016bras nepiln\u012bbas jaunatt\u012bst\u012bbas re\u0123ionos.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, Sentinel-2 satel\u012bti ik p\u0113c piec\u0101m dien\u0101m atgrie\u017eas katr\u0101 atra\u0161an\u0101s viet\u0101, ta\u010du m\u0101ko\u0146u sega kritisk\u0101s aug\u0161anas stadij\u0101s var trauc\u0113t datu v\u0101k\u0161anu. Turkl\u0101t algoritmiem ir nepiecie\u0161ama kalibr\u0113\u0161ana atbilsto\u0161i viet\u0113jiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem; \u0161aj\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 NNI robe\u017ev\u0113rt\u012bbas tika prec\u012bzi piel\u0101gotas Vidusj\u016bras klimatam, sasniedzot 92% precizit\u0101ti sl\u0101pek\u013ca statusa prognoz\u0113\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

Mode\u013ca piem\u0113ro\u0161ana sausos re\u0123ionos vai smag\u0101s m\u0101la augsn\u0113s bez atk\u0101rtotas kalibr\u0113\u0161anas var\u0113tu samazin\u0101t precizit\u0101ti l\u012bdz 70\u201375%.<\/p>\n

Tikpat svar\u012bgs ir cilv\u0113ciskais faktors. Lauksaimniekiem, kas p\u0101riet uz NNI, ir nepiecie\u0161ama apm\u0101c\u012bba spektr\u0101lo indeksu interpret\u0113\u0161an\u0101, piem\u0113ram, lai vi\u0146i saprastu, ka NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bbas virs 0,7 bie\u017ei vien liecina par p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgu ve\u0123et\u0101ciju un attaisno sl\u0101pek\u013ca daudzuma samazin\u0101\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

P\u0113tnieku komanda l\u0113\u0161, ka 10% l\u012bme\u0146a lauksaimnieku zin\u0101\u0161anu pieaugums par prec\u012bzijas instrumentiem var\u0113tu palielin\u0101t NfUE par 4\u20136 procentpunktiem. Visticam\u0101k, b\u016btiska b\u016bs politikas intervence: augsnes sensoru subsid\u0113\u0161ana, agronomu vad\u012btu semin\u0101ru finans\u0113\u0161ana un kooperat\u012bvu stimul\u0113\u0161ana dal\u012bties ar tehniku var\u0113tu demokratiz\u0113t piek\u013cuvi.<\/p>\n

Raugoties n\u0101kotn\u0113, p\u0113t\u012bjuma ietekme sniedzas daudz t\u0101l\u0101k par cietajiem kvie\u0161iem. Piel\u0101gojot NNI sist\u0113mu t\u0101d\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m k\u0101 kukur\u016bza vai r\u012bsi, var\u0113tu risin\u0101t 60 miljonu tonnu p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga sl\u0101pek\u013ca probl\u0113mu, kas katru gadu tiek izmantota vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113, kas ir viens no ANO ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgas att\u012bst\u012bbas m\u0113r\u0137u galvenajiem m\u0113r\u0137iem.<\/p>\n

S\u0101kotn\u0113jie izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumi Sp\u0101nijas mie\u017eu laukos uzr\u0101da l\u012bdz\u012bgu ra\u017eas stabilit\u0101ti ar 18% maz\u0101ku N daudzumu, kas liecina par piem\u0113rojam\u012bbu da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m. P\u0113tniekiem ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s integr\u0113\u0161ana ar satel\u012btu datiem paver daudzsolo\u0161u iesp\u0113ju: agr\u012bnie mode\u013ci tagad var paredz\u0113t sl\u0101pek\u013ca piepras\u012bjumu ar 95% precizit\u0101ti 30 dienas pirms lieto\u0161anas, nodro\u0161inot proakt\u012bvu, nevis reakt\u012bvu apsaimnieko\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n

Nosl\u0113gum\u0101 j\u0101saka, ka \u0161is p\u0113t\u012bjums sniedzas p\u0101ri akad\u0113miskaj\u0101m aprind\u0101m, pied\u0101v\u0101jot pl\u0101nu lauksaimniec\u012bbas produktivit\u0101tes saska\u0146o\u0161anai ar plan\u0113tas vesel\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Samazinot sl\u0101pek\u013ca pat\u0113ri\u0146u par 20%, palielinot lauksaimnieku pe\u013c\u0146u par 12% un samazinot siltumn\u012bcefekta g\u0101zu emisijas par tre\u0161da\u013cu, NNI metode pier\u0101da, ka ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bba un rentabilit\u0101te nav savstarp\u0113ji izsl\u0113dzo\u0161as. T\u0101 k\u0101 klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146as pastiprina sausumu un destabiliz\u0113 aug\u0161anas sezonas, \u0161\u0101das prec\u012bzas strat\u0113\u0123ijas b\u016bs neaizst\u0101jamas.<\/p>\n

Tagad izaicin\u0101jums ir p\u0101rveidot \u0161o zin\u0101tnisko apstiprin\u0101jumu darb\u012bb\u0101s uz vietas \u2014 izmantojot politikas reformas, tehnolo\u0123isko demokratiz\u0101ciju un paradigmas mai\u0146u taj\u0101, k\u0101 m\u0113s uztveram m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cus nevis k\u0101 neasus darbar\u012bkus, bet gan k\u0101 prec\u012bziem instrumentiem p\u0101rtikas nodro\u0161in\u0101juma centienos.<\/p>\n

Atsauce<\/strong>Fabbri, C., Delgado, A., Guerrini, L. un Napoli, M. (2025). Prec\u012bzas sl\u0101pek\u013ca m\u0113slo\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123ijas cietajiem kvie\u0161iem: uz NNI un NDVI kart\u0113m balst\u012btu pieeju ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bbas nov\u0113rt\u0113jums. European Journal of Agronomy, 164, 127502.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cietie kvie\u0161i, Vidusj\u016bras lauksaimniec\u012bbas st\u016brakmens un glob\u0101li kritiski svar\u012bga kult\u016bra makaronu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, saskaras ar steidzamu izaicin\u0101jumu: neilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu sl\u0101pek\u013ca (N) 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