{"id":4685,"date":"2022-05-13T09:43:34","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T07:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=4685"},"modified":"2023-07-09T12:23:10","modified_gmt":"2023-07-09T10:23:10","slug":"koje-su-prednosti-i-nedostaci-konzervacijske-obrade-tla","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/hr\/blog\/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-conservation-tillage\/","title":{"rendered":"Koje su prednosti i nedostaci konzervacijske obrade tla?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Konzervacijska obrada tla je proces u kojem se tlo ne obra\u0111uje ili ne ore prije sezone sadnje. Umjesto toga, poljoprivrednici koriste ostatke usjeva ili pokrovne usjeve kako bi dr\u017eali tlo na mjestu i sprije\u010dili njegovu erodaciju tijekom sezone sadnje. Poljoprivrednici i dalje koriste herbicide i pesticide tijekom ovog procesa, ali ne u tolikoj koli\u010dini jer se te kemikalije manje otje\u010du u obli\u017enje potoke i rijeke.<\/p>\n

Tako\u0111er se odnosi na skup praksi koje ostavljaju najmanje 30 posto zemlji\u0161ta prekrivenog ostacima usjeva nakon sadnje. Ove prakse imaju za cilj smanjenje one\u010di\u0161\u0107enja tla erozija<\/a>, otjecanje i s tim povezani problemi one\u010di\u0161\u0107enja vode.<\/p>\n

Obrada tla je mehani\u010dko naru\u0161avanje tla, obi\u010dno se obavlja plugom ili diskom. Poljoprivrednici \u010desto koriste obradu tla za pripremu polja za sadnju, ali ona tako\u0111er mo\u017ee smanjiti prinose usjeva i pove\u0107ati otjecanje pesticida.<\/p>\n

Koje su metode konzervacijske obrade tla?<\/h2>\n

Konzervacijske metode obrade tla uklju\u010duju obradu bez tla, trakasta obrada tla<\/a>, obrada grebena i obrada mal\u010da.<\/p>\n

1. Bez oranja<\/strong><\/p>\n

No-till metoda uklju\u010duje sadnju sjemena izravno u tlo bez prethodnog ometanja. To zna\u010di da poljoprivrednici moraju saditi na poljima s postoje\u0107im ostacima usjeva od prethodne \u017eetve.
\nBezoranjska poljoprivreda uop\u0107e ne zahtijeva nikakvu obradu tla.<\/p>\n

Poljoprivrednik koristi posebnu opremu za sadnju sjemena izravno u tlo bez prethodnog ometanja. Ovaj sustav poma\u017ee poljoprivrednicima da u\u0161tede vrijeme i novac jer ne moraju koristiti gorivo ili druge resurse za pripremu svojih polja za sadnju svake godine.<\/p>\n

2. Strip-till<\/strong><\/p>\n

Strip-till uklju\u010duje obradu samo dijela polja za sadnju, ostavljaju\u0107i ostatak netaknut. To ostavlja puno ostataka usjeva na polju kako bi se sprije\u010dilo otjecanje, a istovremeno omogu\u0107uje poljoprivrednicima pristup pripremi tla za sadnju s manje opreme nego \u0161to to zahtijevaju metode bez oranja.<\/p>\n

Strip-till je u\u010dinkovitiji od no-till metode na te\u017eim tlima, poput onih s teksturom gline ili ilova\u010de. Strip-till letva rahli i zagrijava tlo prije sadnje, \u0161to poti\u010de raniji rast i bolji prinos mnogih usjeva.<\/p>\n

Strip-tilling tako\u0111er poma\u017ee u kontroli korova zakopavanjem sjemena korova na dubinu od najmanje 5 cm tijekom obrade tla. Iako to mo\u017ee biti prednost, mo\u017ee biti i nedostatak zbog potrebe za dodavanjem gnojiva u traku poravnatu s redom sadnje.<\/p>\n

3. Obrada grebena<\/strong><\/p>\n

Obrada tla u grebenima koristi poseban alat koji re\u017ee tlo u uskim redovima, stvaraju\u0107i grebene du\u017e cijele povr\u0161ine polja gdje se sije sjeme. Usjevi u redovima sade se u grebene formirane usjevom prethodne godine; tlo se obra\u0111uje samo izme\u0111u redova.<\/p>\n

4. Mal\u010diranje<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ovo je jo\u0161 jedna tehnika konzervacijske obrade tla gdje je otprilike jedna tre\u0107ina ili polovica povr\u0161ine tla prekrivena ostacima usjeva. Mal\u010diranje je tako\u0111er poznato kao upravljanje ostacima usjeva.<\/p>\n

NRCS tvrdi da tehnika mal\u010diranja upravlja koli\u010dinom, orijentacijom i raspodjelom ostataka usjeva i drugih biljnih ostataka na povr\u0161ini tla tijekom cijele godine, a istovremeno ograni\u010dava aktivnosti koje remete tlo i koriste se za uzgoj i \u017eetvu usjeva u sustavima gdje se povr\u0161ina polja obra\u0111uje prije sadnje.<\/p>\n

Tehnika mal\u010diranja ima mnogo prednosti. Ona minimizira eroziju tla, smanjuje emisije fosilnih goriva, pove\u0107ava koli\u010dinu organske tvari u tlu i \u0161tedi vodu minimiziranjem isparavanja na povr\u0161ini tla.<\/p>\n

Kako konzervacijske metode obrade tla u poljoprivredi koriste tlu?<\/h2>\n

Evo nekih na\u010dina na koje konzervacijske prakse obrade tla koriste tlu:<\/p>\n

1. Smanjena erozija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Najve\u0107a prednost konzervacijske obrade tla je ta \u0161to \u0161titi tlo od erozije tako \u0161to ga tijekom cijele godine prekriva biljnim ostacima. To zauzvrat smanjuje otjecanje i sprje\u010dava ulazak kemikalija i sedimenta u na\u0161e vodotoke.<\/p>\n

2. Pobolj\u0161ano zdravlje tla<\/strong><\/p>\n

Drugi na\u010din na koji konzervacijske prakse obrade tla koriste tlu jest pobolj\u0161anje zdravlja tla. To je zato \u0161to sustavi konzervacijske obrade tla omogu\u0107uju smanjeno zbijanje, \u0161to omogu\u0107uje ve\u0107u infiltraciju vode, ve\u0107u mikrobnu aktivnost, bolji ciklus hranjivih tvari i ve\u0107u aktivnost glista.<\/p>\n

Tako\u0111er, organska tvar u tlu mo\u017ee se pove\u0107ati zbog ostataka usjeva koji ostaju na povr\u0161ini tla nakon \u017eetve. Pokrov ostataka hladi povr\u0161inu tla i smanjuje isparavanje s gornjih nekoliko centimetara tla. To mo\u017ee zna\u010dajno smanjiti potro\u0161nju vode na polju tijekom razdoblja su\u0161e.<\/p>\n

3. Pobolj\u0161ana u\u0161teda vode<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konzervacijska obrada tla tako\u0111er poma\u017ee u odr\u017eavanju ili pobolj\u0161anju razine organske tvari u tlu. Odr\u017eavanje visokih razina organske tvari poti\u010de dobru strukturu tla i pobolj\u0161ava sposobnost tla za skladi\u0161tenje vode i hranjivih tvari.<\/p>\n

Tlo organska tvar<\/a> tako\u0111er pru\u017ea izvor hrane za milijarde mikroorganizama koji \u017eive u svakoj \u0161aci tla. Kada se vlaga zadr\u017eava u povr\u0161inskom sloju tla, ostatak koji ostaje nakon \u017eetve poma\u017ee u zadr\u017eavanju vlage u povr\u0161inskom sloju tla tijekom cijele vegetacijske sezone.<\/p>\n

To mo\u017ee pomo\u0107i u su\u0161nim uvjetima, posebno tijekom su\u0161ne godine, a tako\u0111er mo\u017ee pomo\u0107i u suzbijanju korova u budu\u0107im usjevima.<\/p>\n

4. Pobolj\u0161ana kvaliteta zraka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konzervacijska obrada tla tako\u0111er smanjuje one\u010di\u0161\u0107enje zraka smanjenjem pra\u0161ine s obra\u0111enih polja. Pra\u0161ina sadr\u017ei pesticide, hranjive tvari iz gnojiva poput du\u0161ika i fosfora koje mogu dospjeti u vodotoke, olovo iz ispu\u0161nih plinova automobila i druge \u0161tetne \u010destice koje ljudi udi\u0161u.<\/p>\n

Kada poljoprivrednici pre\u0111u na konzervacijske prakse obrade tla, oni poma\u017eu u sprje\u010davanju ulaska tih one\u010di\u0161\u0107uju\u0107ih tvari u zrak koji udi\u0161emo.<\/p>\n

5. Pobolj\u0161ano stani\u0161te divljih \u017eivotinja<\/strong><\/p>\n

Praktike konzervacijske obrade tla tako\u0111er pobolj\u0161avaju stani\u0161ta divljih \u017eivotinja pru\u017eaju\u0107i zaklon malim \u017eivotinjama.<\/p>\n

Nedostaci konzervacijskih metoda obrade tla<\/h2>\n

Evo nekih nedostataka razli\u010ditih metoda konzervacijske obrade tla:<\/p>\n

Bez oranja<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Dolazi s jedinstvenim tro\u0161kovima opreme.<\/li>\n
  • Izla\u017ee va\u0161u farmu gljivi\u010dnim bolestima.<\/li>\n
  • Zahtijeva veliku koli\u010dinu herbicida.<\/li>\n
  • Trebat \u0107e vam puno strpljenja prije nego \u0161to mo\u017eete ubrati plodove bezoranja.<\/li>\n
  • Bezoranjsko poljoprivredno gospodarstvo nije prikladno za odre\u0111ene vrste tala. Na primjer, tla s te\u0161kom glinom.<\/li>\n
  • Polja mo\u017eete koristiti u druge svrhe ako ve\u0107 prakticirate ovu metodu uzgoja.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Strip-till<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Oprema za trakastu obradu tla ponekad je skuplja od tradicionalne opreme za obradu tla. Trakasta obrada tla zahtijeva ulaganje u stroj za trakastu obradu tla i eventualno u drugu opremu. Oprema se obi\u010dno kupuje nova, a kupovna cijena mo\u017ee prema\u0161iti cijenu tradicionalne opreme za obradu tla.
      \nBudu\u0107i da je trakasta obrada tla relativno nova tehnologija, operateri moraju pro\u0107i obuku o tome kako pravilno koristiti svoju novu opremu. Operateri moraju nau\u010diti kako prilagoditi svoju opremu uvjetima na terenu. To mo\u017ee zahtijevati brojne prelaske preko polja kako bi se prilagodile postavke kako se uvjeti mijenjaju.<\/li>\n
    • Trakasta obrada tla mo\u017ee uzrokovati talo\u017eenje vjetrom na ostatke usjeva u trakama tijekom vjetrovitih razdoblja. To mo\u017ee uzrokovati uklanjanje nekih ostataka usjeva u trakama tijekom pripreme sjetvene gredice za sjetvu, smanjuju\u0107i u\u010dinkovitost trakaste obrade tla za upravljanje ostacima i korovom.<\/li>\n
    • Strojevi za strip-till obradu nisu ba\u0161 precizni pri radu u brdovitim i \u0161umovitim podru\u010djima. Stroj mo\u017eda ne\u0107e imati potrebnu to\u010dnost u tim podru\u010djima dok sije sjeme ili gnoji tlo.<\/li>\n
    • Strip-till zahtijeva dodatnu pa\u017enju kada je u pitanju skladi\u0161tenje i primjena gnojiva. To je zato \u0161to strip-till koristi teku\u0107a gnojiva, a kemijski sastav mo\u017ee se skladi\u0161titi samo oko \u0161est mjeseci prije nego \u0161to po\u010dne propadati. Gnojiva se moraju pravilno primjenjivati ili mogu uzrokovati one\u010di\u0161\u0107enje izvora vode poput jezera, rijeka ili potoka ako se previ\u0161e gnojiva rasipa po poljima ili su koncentracije u tlu previsoke.<\/li>\n
    • Strip-till se ne preporu\u010duje na jako erodibilnim tlima, osim ako se pokrovni usjevi ne koriste izme\u0111u tr\u017ei\u0161nih usjeva zasa\u0111enih u trakama.<\/li>\n
    • Strip-tilling tako\u0111er ne funkcionira dobro na poljima bez oranja gdje je pokrov od ostataka rijedak ili gdje se bezvodni biljni materijal ubrizgava ispod povr\u0161ine tla. To zna\u010di da se nakon \u0161to zapo\u010dnete s strip-tillingom, ne\u0107ete mo\u0107i vratiti na no-till bez da obradom tla naru\u0161ite povr\u0161inu tla.Orada na grebenu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • Nije dobro za uzgoj usjeva koji se moraju saditi u redove poput \u0161e\u0107erne repe.<\/li>\n
      • Najve\u0107i nedostatak obrade grebenom je taj \u0161to opremu za obradu tla mo\u017ee biti te\u0161ko i skupo prona\u0107i. Strojevi koji se koriste za obradu grebenom obi\u010dno su stariji i mo\u017eda nisu dostupni kod lokalnih prodava\u010da.<\/li>\n
      • Drugi nedostatak je \u0161to grebeni ponekad mogu ometati odvodnju i uzrokovati probleme s erozijom na padinama.<\/li>\n
      • Obrada tla na grebenima dovodi do naplavljivanja tla. To je zato \u0161to se ki\u0161nica ne mo\u017ee odvoditi s grebena u brazde.<\/li>\n
      • Obrada grebena nije prikladna za sva tla i ne funkcionira dobro na te\u0161kim glinastim ili kamenitim tlima.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Mal\u010diranje<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Pove\u0107ani rizik od erozije.<\/li>\n
        • Zna\u010dajna koli\u010dina vremena utro\u0161ena na pripremu polja<\/li>\n
        • Te\u0161ko\u0107e u obradi tla.<\/li>\n
        • Poljoprivrednici koji koriste mal\u010d tako\u0111er moraju znati kako pravilno koristiti traktor za mal\u010diranje.<\/li>\n
        • Jo\u0161 jedan nedostatak mal\u010diranja je taj \u0161to ograni\u010dava koli\u010dinu zemlje koju mo\u017eete koristiti za usjeve svake sezone. To je zato \u0161to ne mo\u017eete saditi na podru\u010dju gdje postoje biljni ostaci od usjeva prethodne godine. Tako\u0111er, neki su usjevi prikladniji za mal\u010diranje od drugih. Na primjer, soja bolje raste na poljima obra\u0111enim mal\u010dem nego kukuruz i pamuk. Stoga ova tehnika mo\u017eda nije prikladna za sve poljoprivrednike.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Konzervacijska obrada tla je poljoprivredna metoda koja ostavlja ostatke usjeva na poljima kako bi se smanjila erozija tla i pobolj\u0161alo zdravlje tla, zadr\u017eavanje vode i plodnost.<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u010cesto postavljana pitanja<\/h2>\n
          \n

          1. Koja od ovih prednosti nije kod poljoprivrede s reduciranom obradom tla?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Jedna od prednosti koja se obi\u010dno ne povezuje s redukcijskom obradom tla je pove\u0107ana kontrola korova. Iako metode redukcijske obrade tla mogu pomo\u0107i u smanjenju erozije tla, pobolj\u0161anju zadr\u017eavanja vode i pobolj\u0161anju zdravlja tla, one mo\u017eda ne\u0107e pru\u017eiti istu razinu suzbijanja korova kao konvencionalne prakse obrade tla.<\/p>\n

          Me\u0111utim, druge strategije suzbijanja korova, poput plodoreda ili pokrovnih usjeva, i dalje se mogu provoditi uz smanjenu obradu tla kako bi se u\u010dinkovito rije\u0161ili problemi s korovom.<\/p>\n

          2. Je li obrada tla lo\u0161a za tlo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Obrada tla mo\u017ee imati i pozitivne i negativne utjecaje na zdravlje tla. Iako obrada poma\u017ee u razbijanju zbijenog tla i kontroli korova u kratkom roku, s vremenom mo\u017ee dovesti i do erozije tla, gubitka organske tvari i poreme\u0107aja strukture tla.<\/p>\n

          Prekomjerna ili nepravilna obrada tla mo\u017ee rezultirati smanjenom plodno\u0161\u0107u tla i pove\u0107anom osjetljivo\u0161\u0107u na eroziju. Stoga je va\u017eno uravnote\u017eiti koristi obrade s potencijalnim dugoro\u010dnim negativnim u\u010dincima na zdravlje tla.<\/p>\n

          3. Koje su prednosti pripreme sjetvene gredice?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Priprema sjetvene gredice nudi nekoliko prednosti u poljoprivrednoj praksi. Prvo, stvara povoljno okru\u017eenje za klijanje i rast sjemena, osiguravaju\u0107i ve\u0107e prinose usjeva. Drugo, poma\u017ee u kontroli korova ometanjem njihovog rasta i olak\u0161avanjem upravljanja.<\/p>\n

          Osim toga, priprema sjetvene gredice poti\u010de bolju apsorpciju hranjivih tvari i vode rahljenjem tla, pobolj\u0161avaju\u0107i razvoj korijena i pobolj\u0161avaju\u0107i ukupni rast biljaka.<\/p>\n

          Kona\u010dno, olak\u0161ava u\u010dinkovitije suzbijanje \u0161teto\u010dina i bolesti kroz prakse poput sterilizacije tla ili ugradnje organske tvari.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Konzervacijska obrada tla je proces u kojem se tlo ne obra\u0111uje ili ne ore prije sezone sadnje. 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