{"id":4221,"date":"2022-03-29T19:20:31","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T17:20:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=4221"},"modified":"2023-08-11T17:25:47","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T15:25:47","slug":"prednosti-i-nedostaci-poljoprivrednih-metoda-polikulture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/hr\/blog\/polyculture-farming-methods-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","title":{"rendered":"Polikultura: metode, prednosti i nedostaci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Polikultura u poljoprivredi najbolje se definira kao praksa sadnje nekoliko vrsta usjeva na istoj parceli i u isto vrijeme. Odabir usvajanja polikulture poku\u0161ava opona\u0161ati raznolikost prona\u0111enu u prirodnim ekosustavima. Drugi naziv za polikulturu je intercropping, a to je suprotno od monokultura<\/a> \u010dime se dr\u017ei samo jedna vrsta usjeva, pa \u010dak i \u017eivotinja.<\/p>\n

Polikulturna poljoprivreda: metode, prednosti i nedostaci<\/h2>\n

Osim toga, polikulturna sadnja tako\u0111er se smatra sposobnom za minimiziranje \u0161tetnika, bolesti<\/a>, pa \u010dak i korovi<\/a> te tako\u0111er ograni\u010dava upotrebu pesticida na \u010ditavom gospodarstvu. Usjevi koji nisu mahunarke zajedno s me\u0111uusjevima mahunarki imaju ve\u0107e \u0161anse za prilagodbu proizvodnje na tlima siroma\u0161nima du\u0161ikom putem biolo\u0161ke fiksacije du\u0161ika.<\/p>\n

Za razliku od toga, tako\u0111er mo\u017ee smanjiti prinose usjeva zbog natjecanja me\u0111u mije\u0161anim vrstama za resurse kao \u0161to su voda, hranjive tvari i svjetlost. Osim toga, dodatno komplicira upravljanje cijelom farmom jer razli\u010dite vrste posjeduju razli\u010dit tempo rasta, potrebe za berbom i dane do zrelosti.<\/p>\n

Monokulture se tako\u0111er smatraju pogodnima za mehanizaciju. Zbog gore navedenih razloga, nekoliko farmera u poljoprivredi velikih razmjera radije prihva\u0107a monokulture i upravlja njima putem Plodored<\/a> uklju\u010diti raznolikost u ovakvu vrstu poljoprivrede.<\/p>\n

Metode poljoprivrede s vi\u0161estrukim usjevima<\/h2>\n

Vi\u0161estruki usjevi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ova poljoprivredna tehnika je tako\u0111er poznata i kao dvostruka kultura. Jednostavno uklju\u010duje uzgoj usjeva na istoj parceli zemlje tijekom jedne vegetacijske sezone. \u010cim se usjevi po\u017eanju, potrebno je \u0161to br\u017ee ili, ako je mogu\u0107e, odmah posaditi sljede\u0107e usjeve.<\/p>\n

Novo uzgojeno usjev nastavlja se nakon \u017eetve obavljenih krajem vegetacijske sezone. Glavni usjevi koji se uzgajaju u sustavima vi\u0161estrukog usjeva su ratarski usjevi, vlakna, pa \u010dak i povr\u0107e. Mali ili obi\u010dni poljoprivrednici obi\u010dno koriste polikultura jer mogu u\u010dinkovito koristiti gnojivo, vodu i zemlji\u0161te.<\/p>\n

2. Kultura u prenosu (modificirano dvostruko usjevljavanje)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ovo je izmijenjena verzija dvostrukog usjeva. Ne jednako je jer se va\u0161e usjevi uzgajaju prije \u017eetve va\u0161ih po\u010detnih usjeva. Drugim rije\u010dima, svi \u0107e usjevi morati podijeliti dio vegetacijske sezone, poma\u017eu\u0107i u prilago\u0111avanju sun\u010devog zra\u010denja i postoje\u0107e topline za sve usjeve.<\/p>\n

Dok ovo \u010ditate, usjevna rotacija dobiva na zamahu jer se nekoliko poljoprivrednika diljem svijeta specijalizira za sadnju kukuruza za sjeme, usjeva ozime p\u0161enice, pa \u010dak i soje.<\/p>\n

3. Me\u0161ano gajenje useva<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radi se o uzgoju vi\u0161e usjeva gdje \u0107e se dva ili vi\u0161e razli\u010ditih usjeva istovremeno nalaziti na istoj povr\u0161ini zemlje. Ovdje prvo uzgajate glavni usjev. Zatim nastavljate s uzgojem drugog usjeva u preostalim prostorima.<\/p>\n

Poljoprivrednici koji koriste ovu metodu obi\u010dno koriste najmanje dvije razli\u010dite kulture istovremeno. Drugi naziv za me\u0111uusjev je agro\u0161umarstvo jer se manje kulture uvijek uzgajaju ispod onih koje rastu vi\u0161e. Ova je metoda prikladna na mjestima s malom koli\u010dinom dostupnog zemlji\u0161ta za poljoprivredu.<\/p>\n

Usjevi se tako\u0111er uzgajaju na organiziran na\u010din ili \u010dak slu\u010dajno pomije\u0161ani. Najprikladnije vrste usjeva za ovu metodu su mahunarke. To je zato \u0161to one unose atmosferski du\u0161ik u tlo, \u010dime se smanjuje upotreba gnojiva.<\/p>\n

4. Pokrovni usjevi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kao \u0161to im i ime govori, pokrovni usjevi se uzgajaju kako bi prekrili tlo. Glavni im je cilj iskoristiti ih za za\u0161titu povr\u0161ine tla od erozije vjetrom i vodom, te sprije\u010diti rast korova na polju.<\/p>\n

Njihov gornji rast poma\u017ee u pokrivanju povr\u0161ine tla, a njihovi korijeni dr\u017ee i stabiliziraju \u010destice tla. Pokrovni usjevi se tako\u0111er \u0161iroko koriste za stvaranje zelenog gnojiva.<\/p>\n

Na kraju njihovog rasta, mo\u017eete ih zaorati u tlo kako biste vratili hranjive tvari u tlo, a tako\u0111er prilago\u0111avaju svojstva va\u0161eg tla poput prozra\u010dnosti i zadr\u017eavanja vode.<\/p>\n

5. Plodored<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ovdje, u sustavu plodorednog kolaranja, na istoj parceli uzgajate drugu vrstu usjeva u odre\u0111enim razmacima. Polikultura je va\u017ena kako se sli\u010dna vrsta usjeva ne bi uzgajala na istoj zemlji dvije godine. \u010cekanje omogu\u0107uje tlu da se regenerira izme\u0111u uzgoja sli\u010dne kulture. Tako\u0111er nudi bolje uvjete i za usjev i za tlo.<\/p>\n

Prednosti polikulture uzgoja<\/h2>\n

1. \u0160tednja resursa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nekoliko godina unazad, prije polikulturu, primarna tehnika uzgoja bila je monokultura. To zna\u010di da je odre\u0111eni dio zemlje kori\u0161ten za uzgoj jedne vrste usjeva. Na primjer, kukuruz bi se uzgajao samo zajedno s kukuruzom, a kelj bi rastao samo s keljom.<\/p>\n

Nedostatak ove vrste metode je taj da bi farmer trebao velike dijelove polja za podjelu usjeva. Tako\u0111er bi bio potreban slo\u017eeni sustav navodnjavanja za zalijevanje usjeva na velikim povr\u0161inama zemlje.<\/p>\n

Poljoprivrednik tako\u0111er mo\u017ee imati manji dio zemlje sa sli\u010dnim prinosom usjeva i tako\u0111er posjedovati u\u010dinkovitiji sustav navodnjavanja.<\/p>\n

2. Natjecanje biljaka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kada je tlo namijenjeno za vi\u0161e usjeva, usjevi uvijek rastu ja\u010de. Ovo se mo\u017ee \u010diniti kontraintuitivnim jer ljudi uvijek tvrde da vi\u0161e biljaka br\u017ee tro\u0161i hranjive tvari. Ali usjevi se radije \u010dine usredoto\u010denima na ono \u0161to izgleda kao natjecanje za tlo.<\/p>\n

Osim toga, korijenje usjeva i \u010dak povr\u0107a uvijek raste gu\u0161\u0107e s ciljem pokrivanja \u0161to vi\u0161e tla. Sa svime \u0161to se doga\u0111a, biljke rastu zdravije i daju bolji prinos. Kako se usjevi pribli\u017eavaju jedan drugome, njihov imunitet se pove\u0107ava.<\/p>\n

Istra\u017eivanja pokazuju da biljke koje pripadaju razli\u010ditim vrstama tijekom polikultivacije, kada se pribli\u017ee jedna drugoj, lak\u0161e odolijevaju bolestima u usporedbi s onima u monokulturi.<\/p>\n

Nedostaci poljokulture<\/h2>\n

1. Problemi s kontrolom<\/strong><\/p>\n

Glavni nedostatak polikulture je broj kontrolnih problema koje imate nad usjevima. Za razliku od jedne parcele gdje bi rasla samo jedna vrsta usjeva, ona uklju\u010duje parcelu na kojoj se uzgaja nekoliko vrsta usjeva.<\/p>\n

Ovdje poljoprivrednik mora raditi na kompaktnijem prostoru s nekoliko vrsta usjeva koji rastu zajedno. Poljoprivrednik tako\u0111er mo\u017eda zna rukovati samo jednom vrstom i nema dovoljno znanja za upravljanje preostalim vrstama.<\/p>\n

\"Polikultura:
\n
\n2. Oprema<\/strong><\/p>\n

Postoji neka polikultura kojoj je potrebna investicija u opremu za pomo\u0107 pri kontroli zemlji\u0161ta. To se obi\u010dno koristi u primjenama polikulture u ribnjacima. Farmer \u0107e morati posvetiti vi\u0161e vremena i tako\u0111er ulo\u017eiti u infrastrukturu kako bi to funkcioniralo.<\/p>\n

Zemlji\u0161te za parcelu trebalo bi biti dovoljno veliko, imati savr\u0161en sustav navodnjavanja te fizi\u010dke i \u010dak kemijske proizvode za potporu rastu.<\/p>\n

Monokultura naspram polikultura poljoprivrednih metoda<\/h2>\n

Monokulture tro\u0161e velike koli\u010dine sinteti\u010dkih kemikalija za suzbijanje \u0161tetnika i tako\u0111er opskrbljuju va\u0161e usjeve hranjivim tvarima. Poma\u017ee rije\u0161iti se mnogih od tih sinteti\u010dkih unosa u va\u0161em vrtu i poti\u010de bolji, lak\u0161e upravljivi sustav vrtlarstva.<\/p>\n

Nakon nekog vremena, iscrpljuje tlo, za razliku od polikultura koje pobolj\u0161avaju zdravlje va\u0161eg tla nakon nekog vremena. Poljoprivreda tako\u0111er smanjuje rizike i nudi vam stabilan i kvalitetan urod. Brojne metode mogu se koristiti za uvo\u0111enje ovog sustava u va\u0161e polje.<\/p>\n

Sli\u010dnosti izme\u0111u monokulture i polikulture u poljoprivredi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jedina postoje\u0107a glavna sli\u010dnost izme\u0111u ove dvije metode je da sadite neku vegetaciju. Obje metode uklju\u010duju kori\u0161tenje fungicida, gnojiva, pa \u010dak i pesticida. Me\u0111utim, monokultura konzumira ve\u0107e koli\u010dine u usporedbi s polikulturom.<\/p>\n

Kad god trebate prije\u0107i na organsko uzgoj uz pove\u0107anje bioraznolikosti va\u0161e farme, prelazak na polikulturni sustav jedan je od najboljih poteza koje mo\u017eete napraviti. Tako\u0111er mo\u017eete odabrati kori\u0161tenje polikultura u plodoredu ili ih \u010dak koristiti kao zelenu gnojidbu za prilagodbu op\u0107e plodnosti va\u0161eg tla, kao i razine hranjivih tvari.<\/p>\n

Koristio se uobi\u010dajeno diljem svijeta, a potje\u010de od prije 70 godina. Odande su se tada monokulture po\u010dele \u0161iriti Sjedinjenim Dr\u017eavama, Europom, a zatim Kanadom.<\/p>\n

Koliko god omogu\u0107avao poljoprivrednicima da pove\u0107aju svoje prinose, polikultura tako\u0111er ima ozbiljne posljedice na okoli\u0161 i op\u0107enito zdravlje tla. Kako biste procijenili sve svoje poljoprivredne rezultate, isprobajte neke od na\u0161ih Poljoprivredni alati<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

\u010cesto postavljana pitanja<\/h2>\n
\n

1. Koja je suprotnost monokulturi? Za\u0161to je polikultura bolja od nje?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Suprotnost monokulturi je polikultura. Za razliku od monokulture, koja uklju\u010duje uzgoj jedne vrste usjeva na velikoj povr\u0161ini, polikultura se odnosi na praksu uzgoja vi\u0161e usjeva zajedno na istom polju.<\/p>\n

Polikultura poti\u010de bioraznolikost, pove\u0107ava ekolo\u0161ku otpornost i smanjuje rizik od propasti usjeva. Kombiniranjem razli\u010ditih biljnih vrsta, opona\u0161a prirodne ekosustave i omogu\u0107uje korisne interakcije me\u0111u biljkama, poput suzbijanja \u0161tetnika, dijeljenja hranjivih tvari i pobolj\u0161ane zdravstvene stanja tla.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Polikultura u poljoprivredi najbolje se definira kao praksa sadnje nekoliko vrsta usjeva na istom komadu zemlje i na\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":4223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","_crdt_document":"","content-type":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[1380],"tags":[1663],"class_list":["post-4221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","tag-farming"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is polyculture farming? 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