{"id":4685,"date":"2022-05-13T09:43:34","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T07:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=4685"},"modified":"2023-07-09T12:23:10","modified_gmt":"2023-07-09T10:23:10","slug":"millised-on-saastva-mullaharimise-eelised-ja-puudused","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/est\/blog\/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-conservation-tillage\/","title":{"rendered":"Millised on mullaharimise eelised ja puudused?"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00e4ilitusp\u00f5llundus on protsess, mille puhul mulda enne k\u00fclviperioodi ei harita ega k\u00fcnda. Selle asemel kasutavad p\u00f5llumehed mulla paigal hoidmiseks saagij\u00e4\u00e4ke v\u00f5i kattekultuure, et see k\u00fclviperioodil erodeeruks. P\u00f5llumehed kasutavad selle protsessi k\u00e4igus endiselt herbitsiide ja pestitsiide, kuid mitte nii palju, kuna nende kemikaalide \u00e4ravool l\u00e4hedalasuvatesse ojadesse ja j\u00f5gedesse on v\u00e4iksem.<\/p>\n

See viitab ka tavade kogumile, mille puhul j\u00e4etakse p\u00e4rast istutamist v\u00e4hemalt 30 protsenti maast p\u00f5llukultuuride j\u00e4\u00e4kidega kaetud. Nende tavade eesm\u00e4rk on v\u00e4hendada mulla erosioon<\/a>, \u00e4ravool ja sellega seotud veereostuse probleemid.<\/p>\n

Harimine on mulla mehaaniline h\u00e4irimine, mida tavaliselt tehakse adra v\u00f5i kettaga. P\u00f5llumehed kasutavad harimist sageli p\u00f5ldude ettevalmistamiseks k\u00fclviks, kuid see v\u00f5ib v\u00e4hendada ka saagikust ja suurendada pestitsiidide \u00e4ravoolu.<\/p>\n

Mis on mullakaitsemeetodid?<\/h2>\n

S\u00e4ilitusmeetodite hulka kuuluvad mullaharimata j\u00e4tmine, ribaharimine<\/a>, harjaharimine ja mult\u0161harimine.<\/p>\n

1. Harimata j\u00e4tmine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Otsek\u00fclv t\u00e4hendab seemnete k\u00fclvamist otse mulda ilma neid eelnevalt h\u00e4irimata. See t\u00e4hendab, et p\u00f5llumehed peavad k\u00fclvama p\u00f5ldudele, kus on eelmisest saagist alles j\u00e4\u00e4nud taimej\u00e4\u00e4gid.
\nHarimata kasvatus ei n\u00f5ua \u00fcldse harimist.<\/p>\n

P\u00f5llumees kasutab seemnete k\u00fclvamiseks otse maasse spetsiaalset varustust, ilma et neid eelnevalt segataks. See s\u00fcsteem aitab p\u00f5llumeestel aega ja raha kokku hoida, kuna nad ei pea igal aastal oma p\u00f5ldude k\u00fclviks ettevalmistamiseks k\u00fctust ega muid ressursse kulutama.<\/p>\n

2. Ribaharimine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ribaharimine t\u00e4hendab ainult osa p\u00f5llu harimist k\u00fclviks, \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud osa j\u00e4etakse puutumata. See j\u00e4tab p\u00f5llule palju taimej\u00e4\u00e4ke, et v\u00e4ltida \u00e4ravoolu, v\u00f5imaldades samal ajal p\u00f5llumeestel mulda k\u00fclviks ette valmistada v\u00e4hema varustusega kui otseharimise meetodid.<\/p>\n

Ribaharimine on t\u00f5husam kui otseharimine raskematel muldadel, n\u00e4iteks savise v\u00f5i liivsavimulla tekstuuriga muldadel. Ribaharimislatt kobestab ja soojendab mulda enne istutamist, mis soodustab paljude p\u00f5llukultuuride varasemat kasvu ja paremat saaki.<\/p>\n

Ribaharimine aitab samuti umbrohtu t\u00f5rjuda, mattes umbrohuseemned harimise ajal v\u00e4hemalt 5 cm s\u00fcgavusele. Kuigi see v\u00f5ib olla eeliseks, v\u00f5ib see olla ka puuduseks, kuna v\u00e4etist tuleb lisada istutusreaga joondatud ribana.<\/p>\n

3. Ridge-till<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ridge-till puhul kasutatakse spetsiaalset seadet, mis niidab mulda kitsastes ridades, tekitades p\u00f5llu pikkusele vagusid, kuhu seemned k\u00fclvatakse. Reakultuur k\u00fclvatakse eelmise aasta saagi poolt moodustatud vagudesse; mulda haritakse ainult ridade vahel.<\/p>\n

4. Mult\u0161imine<\/strong><\/p>\n

See on veel \u00fcks mullakaitse tehnika, kus umbes kolmandik v\u00f5i pool mullapinnast on kaetud taimej\u00e4\u00e4kidega. Mult\u0161imist tuntakse ka j\u00e4\u00e4kide haldamisena.<\/p>\n

NRCS v\u00e4idab, et mult\u0161imistehnika abil saab aastaringselt kontrollida p\u00f5llukultuuride ja muude taimej\u00e4\u00e4kide hulka, orientatsiooni ja jaotumist mullapinnal, piirates samal ajal mulda h\u00e4irivaid tegevusi, mida kasutatakse p\u00f5llupinna harimiseks ja koristamiseks s\u00fcsteemides, kus p\u00f5llupinda enne istutamist haritakse.<\/p>\n

Mult\u0161imismeetodil on palju eeliseid. See minimeerib mullaerosiooni, v\u00e4hendab fossiilk\u00fctuste heitkoguseid, suurendab orgaanilise aine hulka mullas ja s\u00e4\u00e4stab vett, minimeerides aurustumist mulla pinnalt.<\/p>\n

Kuidas on p\u00f5llumajanduses kasutatavad mullakaitsemeetodid mullale kasulikud?<\/h2>\n

Siin on m\u00f5ned viisid, kuidas mullakaitsemeetodid mullale kasu toovad:<\/p>\n

1. V\u00e4henenud erosioon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konservatiivse mullaharimise peamine eelis on see, et see kaitseb mulda erosiooni eest, hoides seda aastaringselt taimej\u00e4\u00e4kidega kaetuna. See omakorda v\u00e4hendab \u00e4ravoolu ja takistab kemikaalide ja sette sattumist meie veeteedesse.<\/p>\n

2. Parem mulla tervis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Teine viis, kuidas mullakaitsemeetodid mullale kasu toovad, on mulla tervise paranemine. See tuleneb asjaolust, et kaitsekaitses\u00fcsteemid v\u00e4hendavad mulla tihenemist, mis omakorda soodustab vee paremat imbumist, mikroobide aktiivsust, toitainete ringlust ja vihmausside aktiivsust.<\/p>\n

Samuti v\u00f5ib mulla orgaanilise aine sisaldus suureneda p\u00e4rast koristust mullapinnale j\u00e4\u00e4nud taimej\u00e4\u00e4kide t\u00f5ttu. Taimej\u00e4\u00e4kide kate jahutab mullapinda ja v\u00e4hendab aurustumist mulla \u00fclemistelt sentimeetritelt. See v\u00f5ib p\u00f5uaperioodil p\u00f5llu veekasutust oluliselt v\u00e4hendada.<\/p>\n

3. Parem veekaitse<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00e4\u00e4stev mullaharimine aitab s\u00e4ilitada v\u00f5i parandada ka mulla orgaanilise aine taset. K\u00f5rge orgaanilise aine taseme s\u00e4ilitamine soodustab head mulla struktuuri ja parandab mulla v\u00f5imet vett ja toitaineid s\u00e4ilitada.<\/p>\n

Muld orgaaniline aine<\/a> pakub ka toiduallikat miljarditele mikroorganismidele, mis elavad igas peot\u00e4ies mullas. Kui niiskus s\u00e4ilib pealmises mullakihis, aitab p\u00e4rast koristust j\u00e4relej\u00e4\u00e4nud j\u00e4\u00e4k niiskust pealmises mullas kogu kasvuperioodi v\u00e4ltel s\u00e4ilitada.<\/p>\n

See aitab kuivade olude korral, eriti p\u00f5ua-aastal, ja aitab ka tulevaste p\u00f5llukultuuride umbrohut\u00f5rjel.<\/p>\n

4. Parem \u00f5hukvaliteet<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00e4ilituslik mullaharimine v\u00e4hendab ka \u00f5husaastet, v\u00e4hendades haritud p\u00f5ldudelt p\u00e4rinevat tolmu. Tolm sisaldab pestitsiide, v\u00e4etiste toitaineid nagu l\u00e4mmastik ja fosfor, mis v\u00f5ivad sattuda veeteedesse, autode heitgaasidest p\u00e4rinevat pliid ja muid kahjulikke osakesi, mida inimesed sisse hingavad.<\/p>\n

Kui p\u00f5llumehed l\u00e4hevad \u00fcle mullaharimise s\u00e4\u00e4stvatele tavadele, aitavad nad hoida neid saasteaineid sissehingatavast \u00f5hust eemal.<\/p>\n

5. Parem eluslooduse elupaik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Looduskaitselised mullaharimistavad parandavad ka eluslooduse elupaiku, pakkudes v\u00e4ikeloomadele peavarju.<\/p>\n

S\u00e4ilitusmeetodite puudused<\/h2>\n

Siin on m\u00f5ned erinevate mullaharimismeetodite puudused:<\/p>\n

Harimata j\u00e4tmine<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Sellega kaasnevad unikaalsed varustuskulud.<\/li>\n
  • See seab teie talu seenhaiguste ohtu.<\/li>\n
  • See n\u00f5uab suures koguses herbitsiide.<\/li>\n
  • Enne kui saate otsek\u00fclvi eelistest osa saada, vajate palju kannatlikkust.<\/li>\n
  • Otsek\u00fclv ei sobi teatud t\u00fc\u00fcpi muldadele. N\u00e4iteks raskelt savisele mullale.<\/li>\n
  • Kui te seda p\u00f5llumajandusmeetodit juba harjutate, saate p\u00f5lde kasutada ka muuks otstarbeks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Ribaharimine<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Ribaharimisseadmed on m\u00f5nikord kallimad kui traditsioonilised mullaharimisseadmed. Ribaharimine n\u00f5uab investeeringut ribaharimismasinasse ja v\u00f5imalik, et ka muudesse seadmetesse. Seadmed ostetakse tavaliselt uued ja ostuhind v\u00f5ib \u00fcletada traditsiooniliste mullaharimisseadmete maksumust.
      \nKuna ribaharimine on suhteliselt uus tehnoloogia, peavad operaatorid saama koolituse uute seadmete \u00f5ige kasutamise kohta. Operaatorid peavad \u00f5ppima, kuidas oma seadmeid p\u00f5llutingimustele vastavaks reguleerida. See v\u00f5ib n\u00f5uda arvukalt p\u00f5llul s\u00f5ite, et seadeid vastavalt muutuvatele oludele kohandada.<\/li>\n
    • Ribaharimine v\u00f5ib tuulise ilmaga p\u00f5hjustada mulla sadestumist ribadel olevatele p\u00f5llukultuuride j\u00e4\u00e4kidele. See v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada osa p\u00f5llukultuuride j\u00e4\u00e4kidest eemaldamise k\u00fclviks ettevalmistamise ajal, v\u00e4hendades ribaharimise t\u00f5husust p\u00f5llukultuuride ja umbrohu t\u00f5rjel.<\/li>\n
    • Ribaharimismasinad ei ole m\u00e4gistes ja metsastes kohtades t\u00f6\u00f6tades eriti t\u00e4psed. Masinal ei pruugi nendes piirkondades seemnete k\u00fclvamisel v\u00f5i mulla v\u00e4etamisel vajalikku t\u00e4psust olla.<\/li>\n
    • Ribaharimine n\u00f5uab v\u00e4etiste ladustamisel ja kasutamisel erilist hoolt. Selle p\u00f5hjuseks on asjaolu, et ribaharimisel kasutatakse vedelv\u00e4etisi ja keemilist koostist saab s\u00e4ilitada vaid umbes kuus kuud, enne kui see hakkab riknema. V\u00e4etisi tuleb \u00f5igesti kasutada, vastasel juhul v\u00f5ivad need p\u00f5hjustada veekogude, n\u00e4iteks j\u00e4rvede, j\u00f5gede v\u00f5i ojade reostust, kui p\u00f5ldudele laotatakse liiga palju v\u00e4etist v\u00f5i kui mulla kontsentratsioon on liiga k\u00f5rge.<\/li>\n
    • Ribaharimist ei soovitata v\u00e4ga erodeeruvatel muldadel, v\u00e4lja arvatud juhul, kui ribadena istutatud tulukultuuride vahel kasutatakse kattekultuure.<\/li>\n
    • Ribaharimine ei toimi h\u00e4sti ka otseharimise p\u00f5ldudel, kus mullaj\u00e4\u00e4kide kate on h\u00f5re v\u00f5i kus mullapinna alla s\u00fcstitakse veevaba mulda. See t\u00e4hendab, et kui ribaharimisega alustada, ei saa otseharimisele enam tagasi minna ilma mullapinda harimise teel l\u00f5hestamata.Ridge-harimine<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • See ei sobi selliste p\u00f5llukultuuride kasvatamiseks, mida tuleb istutada ridadesse, n\u00e4iteks suhkrupeedi kasvatamiseks.<\/li>\n
      • Ridge-till'i suurim puudus on see, et harimistehnikat on keeruline ja kallis leida. Ridge-till'i jaoks kasutatavad masinad on tavaliselt vanemad ja ei pruugi olla kohalikelt edasim\u00fc\u00fcjatelt saadaval.<\/li>\n
      • Teine puudus on see, et harjad v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5nikord h\u00e4irida drenaa\u017ei ja p\u00f5hjustada n\u00f5lvadel erosiooniprobleeme.<\/li>\n
      • Harimise k\u00e4igus tekib mullas vettimist, kuna vihmavesi ei saa harjadelt vagudesse \u00e4ra voolata.<\/li>\n
      • Ridge-harimine ei sobi igale pinnasele ja see ei toimi h\u00e4sti rasketel savi- v\u00f5i kivimuldadel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Mult\u0161imine<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Suurenenud erosiooni oht.<\/li>\n
        • M\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rne osa ajast kulus p\u00f5ldude ettevalmistamisele<\/li>\n
        • Raskused mulla harimisel.<\/li>\n
        • Mult\u0161imistraktorit kasutavad p\u00f5llumehed peavad teadma ka seda, kuidas seda \u00f5igesti kasutada.<\/li>\n
        • Mult\u0161imise teine puudus on see, et see piirab igal hooajal p\u00f5llukultuuride kasvatamiseks kasutatava maa hulka. Seda seet\u00f5ttu, et te ei saa istutada alale, kus on eelmise aasta saagist p\u00e4rit taimej\u00e4\u00e4ke. Samuti sobivad m\u00f5ned p\u00f5llukultuurid mult\u0161imiseks paremini kui teised. N\u00e4iteks sojaoad kasvavad mult\u0161itud p\u00f5ldudel paremini kui mais ja puuvill. Seet\u00f5ttu ei pruugi see tehnika k\u00f5igile p\u00f5llumeestele sobida.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          S\u00e4ilitav mullaharimine on p\u00f5llumajandusmeetod, mille puhul j\u00e4etakse p\u00f5llule saagij\u00e4\u00e4gid, et v\u00e4hendada mullaerosiooni ning parandada mulla tervist, veepeetust ja viljakust.<\/p>\n

          \n

          Korduma kippuvad k\u00fcsimused<\/h2>\n
          \n

          1. Milline j\u00e4rgmistest ei ole v\u00e4hendatud mullaharimise eelis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00dcks eeliseid, mida v\u00e4hendatud mullaharimisega tavaliselt ei seostata, on parem umbrohut\u00f5rje. Kuigi v\u00e4hendatud mullaharimise meetodid aitavad minimeerida mullaerosiooni, parandada veepeetust ja mulla tervist, ei pruugi need pakkuda samav\u00e4\u00e4rset umbrohut\u00f5rjet kui tavap\u00e4rased mullaharimisviisid.<\/p>\n

          Siiski saab umbrohuprobleemide t\u00f5husaks lahendamiseks koos v\u00e4hendatud mullaharimisega rakendada ka teisi umbrohut\u00f5rje strateegiaid, n\u00e4iteks k\u00fclvikorda v\u00f5i kattekultuuride kasutamist.<\/p>\n

          2. Kas harimine on mullale halb?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Harimisel v\u00f5ib olla nii positiivne kui ka negatiivne m\u00f5ju mulla tervisele. Kuigi harimine aitab l\u00fchiajaliselt tihendatud mulda lagundada ja umbrohtu t\u00f5rjuda, v\u00f5ib see aja jooksul p\u00f5hjustada ka mullaerosiooni, orgaanilise aine kadu ja mulla struktuuri h\u00e4irumist.<\/p>\n

          Liigne v\u00f5i eba\u00f5ige harimine v\u00f5ib v\u00e4hendada mullaviljakust ja suurendada erosiooniriski. Seet\u00f5ttu on oluline tasakaalustada harimise eeliseid mulla tervisele avalduvate v\u00f5imalike pikaajaliste negatiivsete m\u00f5judega.<\/p>\n

          3. Millised on k\u00fclvipinna ettevalmistamise eelised?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          K\u00fclvipinna ettevalmistamine pakub p\u00f5llumajandustavades mitmeid eeliseid. Esiteks loob see soodsa keskkonna seemnete idanemiseks ja kasvamiseks, tagades suurema saagikuse. Teiseks aitab see umbrohtu t\u00f5rjuda, h\u00e4irides nende kasvu ja lihtsustades nende t\u00f5rjet.<\/p>\n

          Lisaks soodustab k\u00fclvipinna ettevalmistamine paremat toitainete ja vee omastamist, kobestades mulda, soodustades juurte arengut ja parandades \u00fcldist taimede kasvu.<\/p>\n

          L\u00f5puks h\u00f5lbustab see kahjurite ja haiguste t\u00f5husamat t\u00f5rjet selliste tavade abil nagu mulla steriliseerimine v\u00f5i orgaanilise aine lisamine.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          S\u00e4ilitusp\u00f5llundus on protsess, kus mulda enne k\u00fclviperioodi ei harita ega k\u00fcnda. Selle asemel kasutavad p\u00f5llumehed p\u00f5llukultuuride j\u00e4\u00e4ke v\u00f5i katet\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":4811,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1380],"tags":[1632],"class_list":["post-4685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","tag-conservation-tillage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is conservation tillage farming? \u26cf<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Are you looking for ways to cut down the time and costs involved in tilling your farmland? 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