{"id":4574,"date":"2022-05-06T12:06:50","date_gmt":"2022-05-06T10:06:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/?p=4574"},"modified":"2023-05-28T18:59:32","modified_gmt":"2023-05-28T16:59:32","slug":"kuidas-roheline-sonnik-parandab-mullaviljakust","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/est\/blog\/how-does-green-manure-improve-soil-fertility\/","title":{"rendered":"Kuidas haljasv\u00e4etised mullaviljakust parandavad?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dcks geograafilistest kaitsemeetmetest p\u00f5llumajanduses on haljasv\u00e4etise kasutamine. See on j\u00e4tkusuutlikkuse saavutamise tulemus pakkumise s\u00e4ilitamise ja toidun\u00f5udluse rahuldamise kaudu.<\/p>\n

T\u00f5husate ja j\u00e4tkusuutlikumate tootmisviiside otsimise tulemusel seisavad t\u00e4nap\u00e4eva p\u00f5llumehed silmitsi paljude probleemidega, millest \u00fcks on mullaviljakuse s\u00e4ilitamine ilma kemikaalideta ja k\u00f5ige k\u00e4ttesaadavam lahendus on s\u00f5nnikukultuurid.<\/p>\n

On avastatud, et sellel meetodil on mullale p\u00fcsivam m\u00f5ju kui antiikajal. See on hindamatum meetod p\u00f5llumeestele, kes soovivad minimeerida mullaviljakust kahjustavate kemikaalide kasutamist.<\/p>\n

Mis on roheline s\u00f5nnik? Kuidas seda tehakse?<\/h2>\n

Rohev\u00e4etis viitab p\u00f5llukultuuridele, mida kasvatatakse ja seej\u00e4rel rohelise ja aktiivselt kasvava perioodi jooksul mulda tagasi k\u00fcndakse v\u00f5i haritakse. Eesm\u00e4rk on parandada mulla viljakust, struktuuri ja toitainesisaldust.<\/p>\n

Pinnasesse sattudes laguneb see, vabastades taimede poolt omastatud toitaineid nagu l\u00e4mmastik, fosfor ja kaalium. Need toitained muutuvad teistele taimedele k\u00e4ttesaadavaks, parandades mulla tervist ja viljakust. Samuti aitab see suurendada mulla orgaanilise aine sisaldust, mis omakorda aitab parandada mulla struktuuri, veepeetust ja \u00f5hustatust.<\/p>\n

\"Mis<\/p>\n

Rohev\u00e4etiseks tavaliselt kasutatavate taimede n\u00e4ideteks on kaunviljad nagu ristik, vikk ja lutsern, aga ka muud taimed nagu rukis, kaer ja oder. Kasutatav t\u00fc\u00fcp s\u00f5ltub aga mulla vajadustest ja tulevikus istutatavatest p\u00f5llukultuuridest.<\/p>\n

Neid on \u00dchendkuningriigis juba m\u00f5nda aega kasutanud mittemahep\u00f5llumajandustootjad, kuid mahep\u00f5llumajandustootjad on neid ihaldanud ja omaks v\u00f5tnud. See on vastutasuks suurendanud nende tarneaega ja tootlikkust.<\/p>\n

Kuidas haljasv\u00e4etised mullaviljakust parandavad?<\/h2>\n

Need p\u00f5llukultuurid on mullale ja tulevastele p\u00f5llukultuuridele v\u00e4ga kasulikud. Neid kasvatatakse peamiselt pakutava kasu p\u00e4rast, mitte karjatamiseks v\u00f5i koristamiseks. Neid kasutatakse laialdaselt mulla kvaliteedi parandamiseks, umbrohut\u00f5rje<\/a>, toitaineid ja mitmesugust orgaanilist ainet.<\/p>\n

See on k\u00f5ige parem j\u00e4tta mullakihile ja lasta sel pinnasesse imenduda, selle asemel, et seda koos p\u00f5llumajandussaadustega koristada v\u00f5i karjatada. See on integreeritud ja roteeritud, pakkudes seel\u00e4bi m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rset kasu madalamate lisakuludega.<\/p>\n

Rohev\u00e4etiste reklaam on eksisteerinud aastaid, kuid see asendati keemiliste v\u00e4etiste leiutamisega. Uue arusaama tulemusel oleme m\u00f5istnud, et need p\u00f5llukultuurid on pinnasesse tagasi lisatavate toitainete poolest v\u00e4ga kasulikud.<\/p>\n

Lisaks mulla toitmisele, mis omakorda toidab taime, mitte vastupidi, toidavad need p\u00f5llukultuurid k\u00f5iki mullaorganisme ja suurendavad ka mulla viljakust. Geneetiliselt viljakas muld annab terveid taimi, mis suudavad v\u00f5idelda haiguste ja kahjuritega, lisaks on terve muld p\u00f5uakindlam.<\/p>\n

Rohev\u00e4etiste kasvatamisel antakse mulla mikroobidele nii toitu kui ka sobivaid tingimusi, milles nad saavad edeneda. Seej\u00e4rel muudavad need mikroobid s\u00f5nnikus olevad toitained p\u00f5llukultuuride jaoks k\u00e4ttesaadavateks toitaineteks.<\/p>\n

Taastades neid mullaosi ja pakkudes toiduallikat, muudavad nad mullas olevad k\u00e4ttesaamatud toitained k\u00e4ttesaadavateks toitaineteks. See omakorda parandab mulla bioloogilist aktiivsust ja \u00fcldiselt mulla seisundit.<\/p>\n

Miks kasutada rohev\u00e4etist?<\/h2>\n

Rohev\u00e4etised on k\u00fclvikorra raames toodetud tooted, mille eesm\u00e4rk on:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Mulla struktuuri ja orgaanilise aine sisalduse parandamine
\nRohev\u00e4etiste kasvatamine on v\u00e4ga populaarne, eriti maa muutmise eesm\u00e4rgil, et parandada mulla ja struktuuri viljakust.
\n2. Umbrohut\u00f5rjeks
\nSee on t\u00f5hus vahend umbrohu t\u00f5rjeks. Kui need kasvavad p\u00f5llukultuuride keskel, l\u00e4mmatavad need umbrohu seemikud ja vajaliku kultiveerimise korral v\u00e4hendab see umbrohu hulka.
\n3. Kahjustuste ennetamine, pakkudes seel\u00e4bi mulla struktuurile pinnakatet.
\n4. J\u00e4rgmise saagi lisandite pakkumine
\n5. Lahustuvate toidulisandite leostumise v\u00e4ltimine pinnasest
\n6. Madalama mullaprofiiliga mullakultuuride lisandite kasutamine<\/p>\n

\"Miks<\/p>\n

Kuidas rohelise v\u00e4etamise kattekultuurid toimivad?<\/h2>\n

Rohev\u00e4etise kattekultuuride tagamise peamine eesm\u00e4rk on mulla ettevalmistamine j\u00e4rgmiste p\u00f5llukultuuride jaoks. Need omastavad mullast toitaineid ja akumuleerivad neid.<\/p>\n

Saagikoristuse ajal neid p\u00f5llukultuure ei muudeta ega eemaldata maalt, kuna see eemaldaks toidulisandid, vaid need kultiveeritakse mulda, kuni nad on veel rohelised.<\/p>\n

Kui taimed pinnasesse tagasi viiakse, lagunevad nad j\u00e4rk-j\u00e4rgult ja vabastavad omakorda j\u00e4rgmistele p\u00f5llukultuuridele toitainelisandeid.<\/p>\n

Samal ajal peetakse seda toiduallikaks lugematutele mulla mikroobidele ja organismidele. Mulla tervis on piiramatu mullafauna t\u00f5ttu v\u00e4ga oluline. Hea mulla struktuur tekib nende liikumise ja orgaanilise ainega toitumise tulemusena.<\/p>\n

See v\u00f5imaldab mulla jaotamist. Need on lihtne viis silmapaistvate tulemuste saavutamiseks, kuid meeles tuleb pidada mitmeid asju.<\/p>\n

Need p\u00f5llukultuurid tuleb enne taimede k\u00fcpsust maha matta. See v\u00f5imaldab taimedel kiiremini ja kergemini laguneda, kuna need pole liiga puitunud. See omakorda hoiab \u00e4ra seemnete eraldumise, mis aitab v\u00e4ltida soovimatut rohelise s\u00f5nniku taaskasvu, kui p\u00f5llukultuurid on istutatud.<\/p>\n

Ei ole soovitatav neid liiga s\u00fcgavale mulda matta. Parim viis selleks on kaevata taimed maksimaalselt 15 cm ehk 15 cm s\u00fcgavusele. See on tingitud asjaolust, et mulla mikroobid on aktiivsemad pinna all olevas \u00fclemises mullakihis, suurendades seel\u00e4bi lagunemisprotsessi.<\/p>\n

Seda ei ole soovitatav kasutada p\u00f5hikultuurina, eriti kui need on p\u00e4rit samast isendist. Eesm\u00e4rk on istutada erinevaid kultuure, kuna samast isendist p\u00e4rinevad kultuurid kasutavad samu toidulisandeid ning kipuvad vastu v\u00f5tma samu kahjureid ja haigusi.<\/p>\n

P\u00e4rast kasutamist on soovitatav lasta mullal umbes 20 p\u00e4eva seista, see annab orgaanilisele materjalile ruumi korralikuks lagunemiseks, pakkudes seega parimaid tingimusi j\u00e4rgmise saagi istutamiseks.<\/p>\n

Rohelise s\u00f5nniku saagi t\u00fc\u00fcbid<\/h2>\n

Peamiselt on kahte t\u00fc\u00fcpi<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Kaunviljad (ristikuliste sugukond)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Need arenevad juurtel spetsiaalse bakteriaalse s\u00f5lme abil, millel on v\u00f5ime \u00f5hust l\u00e4mmastikku imada ja muuta see taimedele kasutatavaks keskkonnaks. Seda nimetatakse l\u00e4mmastiku sidumiseks ja seda soodustab kaunviljade t\u00f6\u00f6d soodustav t\u00f6\u00f6tlusmeetod.<\/p>\n

Seda t\u00f6\u00f6tlusmeetodit nimetatakse inokulandiks ja see on aianduskeskustes pulbri kujul saadaval, mis parandab saagikust drastiliselt. Seej\u00e4rel saab seda kasutada p\u00f5llukultuuride puhul, mis on kasvatatud p\u00e4rast kaunviljade koristamist ja mulda lisamist.<\/p>\n

2. Mittekaunviljad<\/strong>
\nNad ei seo l\u00e4mmastikku, kuid toodavad kasulikus koguses orgaanilist ainet ja s\u00e4ilitavad toitaineid, mis muidu oleksid kaduma l\u00e4inud. Nad kasvavad v\u00e4ga kiiresti ja neid saab kasvuperioodil tootmiskohtadesse lisada.<\/p>\n

On olemas haljasv\u00e4etisi, mis sobivad P\u00f5hja-Iirimaale h\u00e4sti, kuid on ka selliseid, mis P\u00f5hja-Iirimaal mulla- ja kliimategurite t\u00f5ttu edukad ei ole.<\/p>\n

Brassicad rohelise s\u00f5nnikuna<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nad on altid juurem\u00e4danikule ja see v\u00f5ib suurendada nakkuse taset. Neid ei tohiks istutada rist\u00f5ieliste taimede l\u00e4hedale.<\/p>\n

Meetodit saab h\u00f5lpsasti rakendada nii suurtel p\u00f5llumaadel kui ka v\u00e4ikestes koduaedades. K\u00f5ige olulisem on teada roheliste kultuuride k\u00fclvamisega kaasnevaid eeliseid. J\u00e4rgmises osas tuuakse v\u00e4lja eelised.<\/p>\n

Rohelise s\u00f5nniku kattekultuuride eeliste hulka kuuluvad<\/h2>\n

1. Pinnase struktuuri parandamine<\/strong><\/p>\n

On teatud rohes\u00f5nnikuliike, millel on s\u00fcgavale tungivad juured ja kasvades muld avaneb. Rasked mullad saavad sellest palju kasu, kuna need loovad ruumi vabaks drenaa\u017eiks.<\/p>\n

Need v\u00f5imaldavad orgaanilisel ainel mullas talletuda ja kergemate muldade puhul suudavad mulla j\u00e4\u00e4nused vett paremini koos hoida, j\u00e4ttes orgaanilise aine mulda.<\/p>\n

\"Rohelise<\/p>\n

2. Umbrohu t\u00f5rje<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00e4nu kiirele ja lehisele kasvule on umbrohud paremini alla surutud. Mida suurem on kasv, seda rohkem umbrohtu alla surutakse ja see suurendab niiskuse s\u00e4ilimist mullas.<\/p>\n

Hea on veenduda, et pinnas on umbrohtudest puhastatud. See on eriti oluline, kui maapind on enamasti talveks kesa.<\/p>\n

3. Toitainete lisamine<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e4ngu tulevad mitmesugused tegurid, mis toovad kaasa teatud mineraale, mida taimed ja kaunviljad ei suuda kasutada. Need t\u00f5mbavad \u00f5hust l\u00e4mmastikku ligi ja lisavad seda juures\u00f5lmedele, muutes selle kaevamisel j\u00e4rgmisele p\u00f5llukultuurile k\u00e4ttesaadavaks.<\/p>\n

Teatud mullabakterid on vajalikud, kuid neid leidub ainult tervislikus mullas. \u00dcks neist on l\u00e4mmastik, mida taimed vajavad, kuna see annab ruumi tervete varte ja lehtede kasvuks.<\/p>\n

4. Pinnase kaitse<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rohev\u00e4etis aitab v\u00e4ltida mulla purunemist tugevate vihmasadude t\u00f5ttu, ennetades seel\u00e4bi toitainete kadu ja hoides mulda koos. Suvel kaitseb see mulda ka p\u00e4ikese ja tuule karmide ilmastikutingimuste eest, mist\u00f5ttu see kuivab kergesti.<\/p>\n

5. Kahjurite t\u00f5rje<\/strong><\/p>\n

Niiske kate on koduks konnadele ja teistele looduslikele kiskjatele, kes toituvad kahjuritest, n\u00e4iteks tigudest ja n\u00e4lkjatest. Teatud putukad, eriti porgandi k\u00e4rbsed, ajavad samuti segadusse, kui toidukultuuride keskele k\u00fclvatakse haljasv\u00e4etist.<\/p>\n

6. Mulla puhkamine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Teatud mullad tuleb pidevast istutamisest ja harimisest taastumiseks m\u00f5neks ajaks seisma j\u00e4tta. See aitab v\u00e4hese v\u00f5i ilma pingutuseta kaasa mulla viljakale struktuurile. Neid v\u00f5ib j\u00e4tta mulda aastaks v\u00f5i kauemaks, olenevalt olukorrast, kuid enamiku koduaedade puhul tehakse seda talvel.<\/p>\n

Neil kattekultuuridel lastakse kasvada ja seej\u00e4rel aeg-ajalt enne \u00f5itsemist maha niidetakse, et seemned ei kasvaks. Taimse materjali saab kompostikasti panna. Neid v\u00f5ib j\u00e4tta kasvama ja hiljem maha matta ning lagunema j\u00e4tta.<\/p>\n

Enne j\u00e4rgmise saagi k\u00fclvi on soovitatav j\u00e4tta 30-p\u00e4evane vahe. See v\u00f5ib olla v\u00e4ga t\u00f6\u00f6mahukas ja n\u00f5uab palju hoolt, et k\u00fclvi ei tehtaks liiga vara, kuna teatud haljasv\u00e4etised, n\u00e4iteks s\u00f6\u00f6darukis, vabastavad teatud kemikaali, mis takistab seemnete arengut.<\/p>\n

Kaevatud s\u00fcsteemid v\u00f5imaldavad selle kasutamist, k\u00f5ige parem on saak h\u00e4vitada. Lehestikul lastakse maapinnal halveneda. Mitmeaastaste haljasv\u00e4etiste ja karjatamiseks m\u00f5eldud rukkiga tuleb olla ettevaatlik, kuna need kipuvad isegi p\u00e4rast niitmist uuesti kasvama.<\/p>\n

Need kattekultuurid luuakse taimse materjali lisamisega mulda ajal, mil see on veel roheline. K\u00f5dunedes lisavad nad mulda orgaanilise ainega toitaineid. On oluline, et roheliste taimede lagunemise ja uue saagi j\u00e4rel mulda lubamise vahele j\u00e4\u00e4ks piisavalt aega.<\/p>\n

Nende kasutuselev\u00f5tt k\u00fclvikorra vahendina v\u00f5imaldab s\u00e4ilitada mulla viljakust. Siiski on nende kasutamisega seotud palju eeliseid. Nende hulka kuuluvad mulla kaitsmine, mulla v\u00e4etamine ja orgaanilise aine sisalduse parandamine, mis k\u00f5ik on olulised maa degradeerumise ohu v\u00e4ltimiseks.<\/p>\n

Tervem muld t\u00e4hendab toidutootmise suurenemist t\u00e4nu v\u00e4iksemale kemikaalide ja mullaharimise kasutamisele. Keemiliste v\u00e4etiste ja rasketehnika kasutamise v\u00e4hendamine p\u00f5llukultuuride kasvatamisel avaldab suurt m\u00f5ju \u00f5hu- ja veesaaste v\u00e4hendamisele. Seet\u00f5ttu aitab haljasv\u00e4etistaimede kasvatamine p\u00f5llumeestel... mahep\u00f5llumajandusettev\u00f5te<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

Korduma kippuvad k\u00fcsimused<\/h2>\n
\n

1. Kas viljakat mulda on piiramatult saadaval?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ei, viljakat mulda pole piiramatult. Viljakas muld on piiratud ressurss, mille loomulikuks tekkeks kulub sajandeid.<\/p>\n

Inimtegevus, nagu metsade h\u00e4vitamine, j\u00e4tkusuutmatud p\u00f5llumajandustavad ja linnastumine, v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada mulla degradeerumist ja viljakuse kadu.<\/p>\n

Olemasoleva mulla viljakuse s\u00e4ilitamiseks ja suurendamiseks ning edasise degradeerumise v\u00e4ltimiseks on oluline rakendada s\u00e4\u00e4stvaid mullaharimise meetodeid.<\/p>\n

2. Kui kaua laguneb roheline s\u00f5nnik?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rohev\u00e4etise lagunemiseks kuluv aeg v\u00f5ib varieeruda s\u00f5ltuvalt mitmest tegurist, n\u00e4iteks kasutatud taimse materjali t\u00fc\u00fcbist, keskkonnatingimustest ja majandamistavadest.<\/p>\n

\u00dcldiselt v\u00f5ib see laguneda m\u00f5ne n\u00e4dala kuni mitme kuu jooksul. Lagunemisprotsessis m\u00e4ngivad rolli sellised tegurid nagu temperatuur, niiskus ja mikroobide aktiivsus.<\/p>\n

3. Kui vana oli lutsern, kui ta suri?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lutsern on mitmeaastane taim ja sellel pole nagu inimestel v\u00f5i loomadel kindlat eluiga. Ideaalsetes kasvutingimustes v\u00f5ib lutsern elada mitu aastat ja toota j\u00e4tkuvalt kvaliteetset s\u00f6\u00f6ta.<\/p>\n

\u00dcksikute lutsernitaimede eluiga v\u00f5ib aga varieeruda s\u00f5ltuvalt erinevatest teguritest, nagu kliima, majandamistavad, haigused ja kahjurite surve. N\u00f5uetekohase hoolduse korral v\u00f5ivad lutsernipuistud olla produktiivsed mitu aastat, enne kui neid tuleb \u00fcmber istutada v\u00f5i \u00fcmber istutada.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dcks geograafilistest kaitsemeetmetest p\u00f5llumajanduses on haljasv\u00e4etise kasutamine. See on j\u00e4tkusuutlikkuse saavutamise tulemus looduskaitse abil\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":210157960,"featured_media":4575,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","content-type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1380,1379],"tags":[1611],"class_list":["post-4574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-whats","category-soil-data","tag-soil"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat are Green Manure Cover Crops? Their Role in Manuring<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Green manure refers to cover crops that are grown and then plowed back into the soil while still green and act as soil manuring product.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/geopard.tech\/est\/blogi\/kuidas-roheline-sonnik-parandab-mullaviljakust\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What are Green Manure Cover Crops? 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